AAFCO

AAFCO, short for the Association of American Feed Control Officials, is a private, non-governmental organization in the United States that sets standards for the formulation, labeling, and nutritional adequacy of animal feeds and pet foods.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic compound that provides energy for the metabolic processes in all living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and RNA synthesis.

Abscess

An abscess is a pocket of pus that forms in any part of the body.

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that occurs throughout the nervous system and is essential for cell-to-cell communication.

Achromotrichia

Achromotrichia is the loss of normal hair coloration, especially on the head and face

Activated charcoal

Activated charcoal is a substance used in dogs to help treat poisoning or accidental ingestion of harmful substances.

Acute

Acute is a term used to describe something severe, intense, or sudden in onset.

Acute pain

Acute pain is a type of pain that comes on suddenly and is typically sharp or intense in nature.

Addison's Disease

Addison's disease, also called adrenal insufficiency or hypoadrenocorticism, Addison's disease is a disorder resulting in the production of too little cortisol and aldosterone.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of cells in all living organisms.

Adipocytes

Adipocytes, also known as fat cells, are cells that store fat.

Adiponectin

Adiponectin is a protein hormone secreted primarily by adipose (fat) tissue that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic processes in the body, including glucose regulation and fatty acid breakdown. It is considered an anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing hormone, meaning it helps improve how the body responds to insulin and reduces inflammation.

Afoxolaner

Afoxolaner is the active ingredient in NexGard®

Agglomeration

Grouping together or collecting in mass

Albumin

Albumin is a protein in your dog's blood vital in maintaining proper fluid balance, transporting nutrients, and supporting overall health.

Allergy

An allergy occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly reacts to something harmless, like a particular food, pollen, or flea bite, as if it were a threat.

Alopecia

Alopecia is the loss of hair, and it can occur in many places on a dog.

Alpha-Linoleic Acid

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid for dogs. This means they must obtain it through their diet as their bodies cannot produce it naturally.

Amino acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins essential for your dog’s overall health and well-being.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that helps break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, such as glucose, which the body can then absorb and use for energy. Unlike most mammals, dogs do not produce amylase in their saliva.

Analgesic

An analgesic is a substance or medication that helps relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness.

Anchovy

Anchovies are small fish full of flavor. Because of their size, they often travel in schools (safety in numbers!). They are often preyed on by other larger fish.

Anemia

Anemia occurs when red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, or both are reduced, which are crucial for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

Animal fat

Animal fat is a key dietary component for dogs, providing a concentrated energy source, essential fatty acids, and support for overall health. As facultative carnivores, dogs are naturally adapted to metabolize fat efficiently, making it a critical part of their diet.

Anorexia

Anorexia refers to a lack or loss of appetite for food, which can occur for various reasons and is a clinical sign rather than a standalone disease.

Anthelmintic

An anthelmintic is a medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms (helminths) in humans and animals, including dogs.

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve the ability to survive the effects of antibiotics, making these medications less effective or completely ineffective in treating bacterial infections.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics for dogs are medications used to treat bacterial infections, such as skin, ear, respiratory, or urinary tract infections. These medications kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, helping your dog recover from illness. Antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections and won’t help with viral or fungal infections.

Antibody

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system to neutralize and fight foreign invaders.

Antiemetic

An antiemetic is a medication that helps prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting.

Antifungal

Antifungals are drugs used to treat fungal infections.

Antigen

An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response in the body. It can be a molecule, such as a protein, carbohydrate, or lipid, that the immune system recognizes as foreign or harmful.

Antihistamine

An antihistamine is a medication that blocks the effects of histamine, a chemical responsible for allergic reactions and specific inflammatory responses.

Antimycotics

Antimycotics, or antifungal agents, are medications or substances used to treat fungal infections in animals and humans.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are compounds that help protect your dog's cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

Anxiety

Anxiety, caused by changes in their environment, separation from their owners, fear of loud noises, unfamiliar situations or people, and past trauma can affect a dog's quality of life and overall well-being.

Apoquel

Apoquel is a prescription medication for treating itching and inflammation caused by dog allergies. It works by blocking certain chemicals in the dog's body that trigger itching, redness, and irritation.

Apple cider vinegar

Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a type of vinegar made from fermented apple juice. It is produced through a two-step fermentation: first, apples are crushed, and the yeast converts their sugars into alcohol. Then, bacteria convert the alcohol into acetic acid, which gives ACV its sour taste and pungent smell. Apple cider vinegar is widely used in cooking, cleaning, and as a natural remedy for various health and wellness purposes.

Arginine

Arginine is an amino acid that's important for immune function, wound healing and fighting infections.

Arthritis

A common condition that affects the joints, resulting in pain, inflammation, and reduced mobility. It is most commonly seen in older dogs but can occur in dogs of any age.

Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid, also known as synthetic Vitamin C. Natural vitamin C is composed of the cofactors rutin, bioflavonoids, Factor K, Factor P, tyrosinase, Ascorbinase, and other components, which all work together. Synthetic vitamin C is ascorbic acid only.

Asthma

Asthma in dogs is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways in the lungs, which can lead to difficulty breathing.

Astringent

An astringent is a substance used to contract or tighten tissues, reduce secretions, and help dry out excess moisture.

Ataxia

Ataxia is a loss of coordination, balance, or control over their movements. It is a symptom rather than a disease, indicating an underlying issue with the nervous system or other bodily functions. Ataxia can affect a dog's limbs, head, or body, leading to unsteady walking, swaying, or an inability to judge distances correctly.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis in dogs is a condition in which fatty deposits, known as plaques, build up in the walls of the arteries, leading to thickening and hardening and reduced blood flow.

Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's own cells and tissues.

Autoimmune Response

An autoimmune response in dogs occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissues or organs, believing them to be foreign or harmful. Depending on which part of the body is affected, this misguided attack can result in inflammation, tissue damage, and a range of health problems.

Autophagy

Autophagy is a natural process in the body where cells break down and recycle their components. The word comes from Greek, meaning "self-eating." It is a critical mechanism that helps maintain cellular health by removing damaged or unnecessary cellular materials, including proteins, organelles, and other cellular debris, repurposing them for energy, or building new cellular components.

Avermectin

Avermectin is a class of compounds derived from naturally occurring bacteria called Streptomyces avermitilis.

Azo dyes

Azo dyes are a group of synthetic dyes characterized by one or more azo bonds in their molecular structure, which link aromatic compounds. These dyes are widely used in various industries, including textiles, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, due to their vibrant and diverse range of colors, stability, and cost-effectiveness.

BCS

Body Condition Score

Bee pollen

Bee pollen is a ball or pellet of field-gathered flower pollen packed by worker honeybees and used as the primary food source for the hive. It comprises simple sugars, protein, vitamins and minerals, fatty acids, and other components. Bees spread pollen from flower to flower, fertilizing plants to produce berries, fruits, nuts, and vegetables. More than 100 crops grown in the US are pollinated by honeybees!

Beef aorta

The aorta is the largest artery in a dog's body, responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It starts at the heart's left ventricle and travels through the chest and abdomen, branching into smaller arteries that deliver blood to the organs and tissues. The aorta plays a crucial role in circulating blood, ensuring that your dog's body gets the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function properly.

Beef backstrap

Beef backstrap is a tendon that runs along the spinal cord of cattle. When air dried, the backstrap makes for a tough chew that provides mental stimulation and releases endorphins. When in its raw form, it still makes for a great chew but also a great addition into a raw diet!

Beef liver

The liver is a vital organ in cattle, sheep, elk, and many other animals (humans!). It helps detoxify the body, helps with digestion, produces proteins, and secretes bile. The liver is by far the most nutrient-dense organ you can feed your dog.

Beef pizzle

A beef pizzle is a dog chew made from the air-dried penis of a bull.

Beef spleen

The spleen is an important organ in a dog's body that plays several key roles in maintaining overall health. Its primary functions include filtering and recycling blood cells, particularly red blood cells. The spleen removes old or damaged red blood cells, while valuable components like iron are recycled to make new red blood cells.

Beef tendon

Beef tendon is a tough, fibrous part of the cow's connective tissue, typically found around joints. Due to its durability and nutritional benefits, it is commonly used as a natural chew treat for dogs.

Beef trachea

Beef tracheas are the windpipes of cows, and they are often used as natural chews for dogs.

Beta-carotene

Beta-carotene is a natural pigment and antioxidant found in many fruits and vegetables, particularly those with vibrant orange, red, or yellow colors. It belongs to a group of compounds called carotenoids, which are precursors to vitamin A.

Bile

Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.

Bioavailable

Bioavailability refers to how easily and efficiently a nutrient or substance can be absorbed and used by your dog's body. When something is highly bioavailable, your dog can digest and absorb the nutrients from that food or supplement more effectively.

Biologically Appropriate Raw Food (BARF)

Biologically Appropriate Raw Food (BARF) is a raw diet designed to provide dogs with a homemade diet consisting of raw meaty bones, muscle meat, vegetables, and fruit while eliminating all processed foods and grains. A complete BARF diet for dogs consists of 70% muscle meat, 10% raw edible bone, 5% liver, 5% other-secreting organ, and 10% vegetables and fruit.

Biotin

Biotin, also known as Vitamin B7, is a cofactor that is required for the metabolic process to work properly.

Bison Scapula

The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a wing shaped piece of cartilage and bone that connects the front limbs to the torso.

Bison Spleen

The spleen is an important part of the immune system. It clears out old blood cells, and stores white blood cells and platelets, which are both important in fighting off infections.

Bladder stone

A bladder stone is a hard, crystalline deposit that forms in the urinary bladder

Bleached tripe

White or bleached tripe refers to the cleaned and treated stomach lining of cattle or other ruminants (such as sheep or goats). Tripe is typically prepared from the first three chambers of the animal's stomach. The process of "bleaching" involves cleaning the tripe by boiling it in a chemical solution, usually containing chlorine or hydrogen peroxide, to remove impurities, bacteria, and natural color. This results in the tripe turning white, giving it a more visually appealing appearance for culinary use.

Body Fat

Body fat, also called adipose tissue, is necessary for energy storage, insulation and temperature regulation, protection of the organs, and hormone regulation. Hormones such as leptin and adiponectin are produced by adipose tissue and play a role in appetite control, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation.

Bone broth

Bone broth is a nutritious liquid for dogs made by simmering animal bones (such as chicken, beef, or pork) in water for an extended period, typically 12-24 hours.

Bone meal

Bone meal is a finely ground powder made from steamed or cooked animal bones that have been crushed. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement for dogs and other animals and as a plant fertilizer.

Boron

Boron is a trace mineral found naturally in the earth's crust, soil, water, and various foods. It is an essential micronutrient required in small amounts for various physiological functions in dogs.

Botulism

Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

Brachycephalic

Brachycephalic refers to dogs with a distinctive skull shape, shortened nose, and flattened face.

Brewers rice

Brewer's rice is a by-product of the rice milling process. It consists of small, broken grains of white rice left over after the rice has been processed for human consumption.

By-product

Animal by-products are parts of an animal that are not typically consumed by humans but can still provide nutritional value for pets, including dogs. These include organs like the liver, kidneys, and lungs, as well as parts such as bones, blood, and fatty tissue.

CBC

A CBC (Complete Blood Count) is a common blood test used to evaluate overall health and detect various disorders, including infections, anemia, and other blood-related conditions.

Calcium

Calcium is an essential mineral for dogs, playing a crucial role in various physiological functions within their bodies, especially maintaining strong bones and teeth.

Calcium carbonate

A chemical compound that is one of the most common forms of calcium found in nature.

Calcium citrate

A calcium salt derived from citric acid

Candida

Candida in dogs refers to a genus of yeast-like fungi, most commonly Candida albicans, that is part of the normal microbial flora on the skin, mouth, ears, and gastrointestinal and genital tracts.

Capelin

Capelin is a small foraging fish in the smelt family. It is cold water in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Arctic.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are macronutrients in foods that provide energy to the body. They are made of sugars, starches, and fibers in bread, pasta, fruits, and vegetables. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose (a type of sugar) in the body, which is the primary energy source for cells, tissues, and organs.

Carcass

A carcass refers to the dead body of an animal. It can apply to animals that have died naturally, been hunted, or slaughtered for purposes such as food, study, or other uses.

Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance, agent, or exposure that can cause or promote cancer development.

Carnivore

A carnivore is an organism that primarily consumes animal tissue as the main source of its diet.

Cartilage

Cartilage is a flexible, connective tissue found throughout the body. It provides support and cushioning in areas where flexibility and durability are needed. Unlike bone, cartilage is avascular (lacking blood vessels) and relies on diffusion for nutrient and waste exchange.

Catabolism

Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes in the body that break down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy. This energy is used to power various cellular activities essential for maintaining life.

Cavity

Cavities, also known as dental caries, are decayed areas in the teeth caused by bacterial action leading to the destruction of tooth enamel and underlying structures.

Cellular Energy

Energy is produced and utilized by cells to carry out various functions such as growth, division, and movement. The energy used by cells is primarily derived from the breakdown of nutrients such as glucose and fatty acids through a process called cellular respiration.

Cellulase

Cellulase is an enzyme that breaks down cellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls.

Chia seeds

Chia seeds are tiny seeds from the Salvia hispanica plant. They are packed with nutrients that can benefit dogs.

Chicken feet

Chicken feet are bony and surrounded by cartilage and skin. They are a natural, nutrient-rich treat for dogs made from the feet of chickens. Chicken feet are high in glucosamine and chondroitin, which are beneficial for supporting joint health, especially in aging or active dogs. Additionally, they are a good source of protein and collagen, which help maintain healthy skin, coat, and joints.

Chicken heart

Hearts are the muscular organs that pump blood throughout the body of all animals.

Chicken liver

Chicken liver is an organ meat from chickens that is used as a component in a fresh or raw food diet for dogs.

Chicken neck

A chicken neck is the part of a chicken's anatomy that connects the head to the body. It contains a small amount of meat, along with bones, cartilage, and connective tissue.

Choline

Choline plays a key role in fat metabolism, neurotransmission, and liver function.

Chondroitin

Chondroitin is a natural compound found in animal cartilage and is commonly used to support joint health in dogs. It helps maintain cartilage structure, improve mobility, and reduce inflammation in conditions like arthritis.

Chronic

Chronic refers to a condition, disease, or issue that persists for a long time, often lasting months or years, and typically develops slowly over time.

Chronic dehydration

Dehydration can be caused by several factors, including an inability to drink enough water or absorb fluids due to kidney failure. Chronic dehydration can lead to serious health problems and even death if left untreated.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD in dogs is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to function properly. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products and toxins from the blood, balancing fluids, and regulating essential minerals like potassium and sodium. In CKD, the kidneys' ability to perform these functions declines over time, leading to a buildup of waste in the dog's body.

Circadian rhythm

The natural cycle of physical, mental, and behavior changes that occur in the body within a 24-hour cycle.

Coccidia

Coccidia in dogs is a group of microscopic parasites that infect the intestinal lining, causing coccidiosis.

Coconut oil

Coconut oil is a natural oil extracted from the meat of mature coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera).

Coefficient of Fermentation

Fermentation is the process that breaks down substances into simpler substances.

Colitis

Colitis is an inflammation of the colon (large intestine), which often results in diarrhea or other digestive disturbances.

Colloidal Silver

Colloidal silver is a suspension of tiny silver particles dispersed in a liquid, typically water. It is a dietary supplement or alternative remedy for treating various infections, boosting the immune system, or promoting healing.

Colostrum

Colostrum is the first form of milk mammals produce, including dogs, immediately after giving birth.

Cooling proteins (Yin)

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) teaches that all beings have natural energy that requires balance, which can be achieved through various factors, such as food. In TCM, "cooling proteins" refer to foods or ingredients classified as having "cool" or "cold" properties, meaning they help to balance excess heat in the body.

Coprophagia

Coprophagia is the act of consuming feces, a behavior observed in some animals, including dogs. While it can seem unpleasant or concerning to dog parents, coprophagia is relatively common in certain circumstances and can have various underlying causes.

Corn

Corn is a cereal plant that yields large grains. Whole corn is considered a vegetable, and the corn kernel itself (from which popcorn comes) is considered a grain. Corn lacks nutritional value for dogs, so it's best to stay away from any dog food that contains corn.

Corticosteroid

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones produced naturally by the adrenal glands or synthesized as medications.

Cortisol

Cortisol is the primary stress hormone, that increases glucose in the blood, enhances the brain's use of glucose, and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues.

Cow Ear

The ear is the hearing organ of the animal. It also provides balance and is mostly made of cartilage.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product from normal wear and tear on the body's muscles.

Cucurbitin

Cucurbutin is a naturally occurring amino acid found primarily in the seeds of plants from the Cucurbitaceae family, such as pumpkins, squash, and gourds.GI tract

Cystoscopic guided removal

A procedure in which a cystoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, is used to visualize and guide the removal of a bladder stone from the bladder or urethra.

Degenerative Joint Disease

Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD), or osteoarthritis, is a chronic condition characterized by the progressive breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Dental calculus

Dental calculus is synonymous with tartar. It is a hardened accumulation of mineralized dental plaque that adheres to the teeth' surfaces. It's a yellow or brownish-colored substance that can form both above and below the gum line.

Detox

Detox in dogs refers to eliminating harmful substances, toxins, or waste from a dog's body, often to improve overall health or address specific health conditions. Dogs that have been overvaccinated, treated with chemical flea treatments, or suffer from allergies may need to be detoxified.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) due to the body's inability to produce sufficient insulin or effectively use insulin. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps regulate blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake into cells for energy.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones.

Digestive Enzymes

Produced by the body to break down food so that it is easier to digest. they are properties of all living cells that bring about changes in the body and one of the most important forces of energy in every living cell

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious heart condition in dogs where the heart's muscles become weakened and enlarged, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood efficiently. As the heart's walls thin and stretch, it struggles to supply the body with enough oxygenated blood, which can lead to symptoms like lethargy, coughing, difficulty breathing, and fainting. Over time, DCM can result in heart failure if left untreated.

Disaccharide

Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharide units linked together.

Diuretic

A diuretic is a type of medication or substance that promotes the kidneys' production and excretion of urine.

Domesticated

Domesticated refers to an animal that has been tamed and adapted over generations to live alongside humans, usually for companionship, labor, or food production. These animals have been selectively bred to exhibit traits that make them more manageable, less aggressive, and more dependent on humans for survival.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter and precursor of other substances, including epinephrine

Duck feet

Duck feet are used as natural treats or chews for dogs. They are popular for their nutritional benefits and are considered a healthy snack alternative to more processed treats. Duck feet are rich in protein, glucosamine, and chondroitin, which support joint health, and calcium, which strengthens bones.

Duck heads

Duck heads comprise skin, bone, eyes, brain, and tongue. Duck is a cooling protein in TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), so it benefits dogs with inflammation, redness, or allergies.

Duck neck

The duck neck is the part of the body that supports the head. It contains vertebrae and is the start of the spinal cord. Duck necks are usually in between sizes of chicken neck and turkey neck and make for great chews

Duck wing

The duck's wings are appendages covered with feathers to help them fly.

E-collar

A training collar is used on dogs to deliver stimulation to correct unwanted behaviors.

EPA

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid that can be found in oily fish.

Edible bones

Edible bones are soft, consumable bones that can be safely eaten and digested by dogs with minimal risk of splintering or causing harm. These bones typically come from animals like poultry (such as chicken, duck, or turkey) and are often included in raw feeding diets or given as natural chews.

Eggs

Eggs are a highly nutritious food that can be fed to dogs as part of a balanced diet. They are a terrific addition to your dog's diet as a supplement to her raw bowl or topper for kibble.

Elk

Elk are large deer with large antlers that usually live in forests or grassy areas. They are ruminants with four chambers in their stomachs, similar to cattle.

Encapsulation

The action of enclosing something in or as in a capsule.

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is often called adrenaline.

Epithelial cells

Epithelial cells are specialized cells that form the lining of surfaces and cavities throughout the body. They are found in the skin, lining of organs, blood vessels, and other tissues. Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to protect the body from pathogens, chemicals, and physical damage. Depending on their location and type, they also play roles in absorption, secretion, sensation, and filtration.

Essential amino acids

Essential amino acids for dogs are those that their bodies cannot produce independently and, therefore, must be obtained through their diet. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are critical for maintaining a dog’s overall health, supporting muscle growth, repairing tissues, and performing other vital bodily functions.

Extrusion

Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to produce a variety of products, including pet food (such as kibble), by forcing raw materials through a machine known as an extruder. This process involves mixing ingredients, subjecting them to high heat and pressure, and then pushing them through a shaped die to form the final product.

Facultative carnivore

A facultative carnivore is an animal that primarily consumes meat but can survive on a non-meat diet if necessary. Unlike obligate carnivores, which rely on almost entirely animal products to meet their nutritional needs, facultative carnivores can digest and utilize plant-based foods to varying extents.

Fasting

Fasting in dogs involves intentionally withholding food for a certain period while still providing access to water to rest the digestive system or for medical or health purposes.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that are stored in body fat.

Fatigue

A state of extreme tiredness or exhaustion, where the dog appears weak, inactive, and lacks energy.

Fatty acids

Fatty acids are an essential nutrient found in fats and oils. They play several critical roles in the body, including energy storage, cell structure, and supporting various metabolic processes. They are the building blocks of fats (lipids) and are important for maintaining overall health in humans and animals.

Fermentation

Fermentation is a biological process in which microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi, break down sugars and other organic compounds without oxygen to produce energy. Depending on the type of fermentation, this process produces by-products like alcohol, gases (such as carbon dioxide), or acids. Fermentation is widely used in food production and occurs naturally in various environments.

Fipronil

Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that disrupts the nervous system of fleas and ticks, leading to their paralysis and death.

Flavonoids

Flavonoids are compounds naturally found in many fruits and vegetables.

Flumethrin

Flumethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used in flea collars

Fluralaner

Fluralaner is the active ingredient in Bravecto®

Folic acid

Also known as Vitamin B9 is found in leafy green vegetables, and the organ meat of liver and kidneys

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde, is a chemical commonly used to kill germs and to preserve laboratory specimens and tissues.

Free radicals

Free radicals are unstable atoms that can damage cells, causing illness and aging.

Freeze-dried

Freeze-drying is a dehydration process in which water is removed from a substance by freezing it and then using a vacuum to turn the frozen water (ice) directly into vapor through sublimation. This method preserves the product's structure, nutrients, and flavor without involving high heat or chemical preservatives.

Fructo-oligosaccharides

Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are derived from fruit and root vegetables fructose molecules

Fructose

Fructose is the sweetest monosaccharide and is often called fruit sugar.

GABA

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GLM

Green Lipped Mussels are bivalve molluscs from New Zealand. They are a great supplement for joint pain and skin issues in dogs.

Galactooligosaccharides

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are derived from dairy, beans, and root vegetables.

Galactose

Galactose is known as milk sugar as it is found in the milk of all mammals.

Garlic

Garlic is a species in the onion genus Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Chinese onion. Garlic is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran and has long been a common seasoning worldwide. It has a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use.

Gastric lipase

Gastric lipase is an enzyme produced in the stomach that plays a key role in the digestion of fats. It specifically breaks down triglycerides (a type of fat) into smaller molecules called free fatty acids and monoglycerides, making them easier to digest and absorb in the small intestine. While most fat digestion occurs in the small intestine, gastric lipase initiates the process in the stomach.

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums, specifically the gingiva—the soft tissue surrounding the base of the teeth. It's a common oral health issue and often an early stage of periodontal disease.

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process in which the body produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol.

Glucosamine

Glucosamine is a naturally occurring compound found in the cartilage of joints.

Glucose

Glucose is one of the three simplest forms of carbohydrates.

Glucosinolates

A large group of plant metabolites with nutritional effects and biologically active compounds. Glucosinolates are mainly found in cruciferous plants, such as broccoli and cauliflower.

Gluten

Gluten is a group of proteins found in certain grains, primarily wheat, barley, and rye. It gives dough its elasticity, helping it rise and maintain its shape, and provides a chewy texture in baked goods. The two main proteins in gluten are gliadin and glutenin, with gliadin responsible for most of the adverse health effects in people with gluten-related disorders.

Glycogen

Glycogen is a long chain of glucose molecules stored in the liver and muscles.

Goat milk

Goat milk is the milk produced by goats, and it is often considered a nutritious alternative to cow’s milk for dogs.

Grain finished

Grain-finished cows are cattle raised primarily on grass or forage for most of their lives but fed a diet of grains (such as corn, soy, or barley) for the last few months before slaughter. This "finishing" phase on grain, typically in a feedlot, helps the cattle gain weight quickly, increases fat marbling in the meat, and results in more tender and flavorful beef.

Grain-Free

Grain-free dog food refers to recipes that do not contain grains such as wheat, corn, rice, oats, barley, or other cereal grains. Instead, grain-free dog foods use alternative carbohydrate sources like sweet potatoes, peas, lentils, or quinoa to provide energy and fiber.

Grain-fed

Grain-fed cows are cattle that are primarily raised on grains, such as corn, soy, barley, and wheat, during the final phase of their life, typically in a feedlot. This practice is used to fatten the cattle more quickly and efficiently before they are slaughtered for beef production. Grain-fed cows are distinct from grass-fed cows, which graze primarily on pasture throughout their lives.

Grass-fed

Grass-fed beef refers to beef that comes from cattle raised primarily on a diet of grass and other foraged plants throughout their entire lives. These cattle typically graze on pasture and are not fed grains like corn or soy at any stage of their development, which distinguishes grass-fed beef from grain-fed or grain-finished beef.

Grass-finished

Grass-finished beef refers to beef from cattle fed exclusively on grass and forage throughout their lives, including during the final fattening or "finishing" phase before slaughter. This means the cattle are not fed grains at any point, unlike grain-finished cattle that are switched to a grain-based diet in the last few months of their lives.

Green tripe

Green tripe is the nutrient-rich, unprocessed stomach lining of ruminant animals such as cows, sheep, or goats. For dogs, it is considered a highly nutritious and natural food source that is often included in raw feeding diets. Unlike "bleached" tripe (which is cleaned and processed for human consumption), green tripe retains its natural enzymes, probiotics, and nutrients.

Gut Microbiome

The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that reside in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) of your dog.

Gut-Brain Axis

The gut-brain axis in dogs is the connection between their gastrointestinal (GI) system and brain, enabling communication that influences digestion, mood, behavior, and overall health. Like in humans, this system is highly interconnected and involves neural, hormonal, and immune pathways that allow the brain and gut to work together.

Head collar

A head collar is a training tool designed to help owners control their dogs' movement, particularly during walks. Unlike traditional collars, it fits around the dog's head and muzzle, allowing gentle guidance without putting pressure on the dog's neck or throat. The head collar benefits dogs that pull on the leash or are challenging to control.

High pressure pasteurization (HPP)

High-pressure pasteurization, or HPP, is a food preservation technique that uses high-pressure levels instead of heat to kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and pathogens in food. Compared to traditional heat-based pasteurization, this method allows food to be preserved while retaining more of its original nutrients, texture, and flavor.

High-quality protein

High-quality protein contains all the essential amino acids in the right proportions, is easily digestible, and is effectively utilized by the body. These proteins support vital functions such as muscle growth, tissue repair, and overall health. High-quality proteins are critical for maintaining health and supporting bodily processes for humans and animals.

Homeopathy

Homeopathy is an alternative treatment approach that uses highly diluted natural substances to stimulate an animal's natural healing processes. It operates on the principle of "like cures like," meaning that a substance that causes signs in a healthy animal can, when highly diluted, treat those same signs in a sick animal.

Honey

Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by honeybees from flower nectar. The bees collect nectar, which is then broken down into sugars, stored in honeycombs, and transformed into honey through evaporation. Honey is widely consumed as a sweetener and used in both culinary and medicinal applications due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

Hot (yang) proteins

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) teaches that a person's (or animal's) natural energy requires balance, which can be achieved through various factors, such as food. Each animal protein or plant-based ingredient has an energy that can interact with your pet's natural energy. For pets with cool energies (yin), feeding hot proteins (yang) helps rebalance their energy to promote health and happiness.

Human grade

Human grade refers to food that is legally suitable and safe for human consumption according to strict food safety and quality standards set by regulatory agencies, such as the USDA or FDA. When applied to pet food, "human grade" means that every ingredient and the manufacturing process meet the same standards required for human food.

Humectant

Humectants are used to preserve the water content in semi-moist dog food and treats during processing. They bind to the water to make it unavailable for bacterial growth.

Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is an increase in the serum calcium level.

Hyperinsulinemia

Hyperinsulinemia in dogs is when the dog's body has elevated insulin levels in the bloodstream. This is usually caused by insulin resistance, where the dog's cells do not respond appropriately to insulin, or certain types of tumors (insulinomas) in the pancreas that produce excess insulin. Hyperinsulinemia can lead to a variety of health problems and may be a precursor to more severe conditions such as diabetes or hypoglycemia.

Hyperlipidemia

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high levels of fat, and/or fatty substances in the blood.

Hyperphosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia is an increase in blood levels of phosphorus.

Hypertriglyceridemia

Excessive level of triglycerides in the blood.

Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia is a decrease in the serum calcium level.

Hypophosphatemia

Hypophosphatemia is a decrease in blood levels of phosphorus that can occur due to intestinal malabsorption or kidney disease.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones.

Imidacloprid

Imidacloprid is an insecticide that acts on the nervous system of fleas, causing paralysis and death.

Infertility

The inability of dogs to reproduce is most commonly caused by improper breed management or male infertility, but it can also result from poor nutrition or disease conditions.

Inflammation

Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury, infection, or harmful stimuli aimed at protecting and healing tissues. It is a complex biological process involving the immune system, where white blood cells and various molecular signals are activated to address the perceived threat or damage. Inflammation is essential for healing, but it can damage tissue and contribute to various diseases when it becomes chronic.

Ingredient splitting

Ingredient splitting in dog food refers to a deceptive labeling practice where manufacturers break down a single ingredient into multiple smaller components to make each appear lower on the ingredient list. This can give the false impression that higher-quality ingredients (such as meats or whole grains) are more prominent in the product than they actually are, while lesser-quality ingredients (like fillers or by-products) seem less significant.

Insoluble fiber

Insoluble fiber is a dietary fiber that does not dissolve in water and is not broken down or absorbed by the digestive system. Instead, it passes through the digestive tract relatively intact. Insoluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, which helps promote regular bowel movements and supports overall digestive health.

Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a condition in which a normal amount of insulin causes an inadequate decrease in blood glucose levels.

Intermittent fasting

Intermittent fasting is an eating plan that switches between fasting and eating on a regular schedule.

Intolerance

Intolerance refers to a dog's digestive system's inability to properly process certain ingredients or nutrients, resulting in gastrointestinal distress or other adverse clinical signs.

Isoxazolines

Isoxazolines are the most commonly used insecticides and acaricides in the form of oral chewable tablets for dogs to kill fleas and ticks and prevent flea and tick infestations.

Ivermectin

Ivermectin is the most commonly used avermectin derivative.

Jacobson's organ

An organ located in the roof of the animal's mouth. The Jacobson's organ can detect pheromones for mating or marking territory.

Kefir

Kefir is a fermented milk drink made from cow, goat, or sheep milk cultured with kefir grains containing a symbiotic mixture of bacteria and yeast. It is rich in probiotics and has been used as a dietary supplement for humans and animals, including dogs. Kefir can benefit dogs when used appropriately due to its probiotic content, which supports gut health and overall well-being.

Kennel Cough

Kennel cough is a canine respiratory infection known as infectious tracheobronchitis.

Ketosis

Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body burns fat for energy instead of carbohydrates, producing ketones, which serve as an alternative energy source.

Kibble

Kibble is a dry, processed dog or cat food that combines meat, grains, vegetables, and supplements into a dough. The dough is then shaped into small pieces and baked or extruded at high temperatures. Kibble is one of the most common forms of pet food due to its convenience, long shelf life, and affordability.

LDL

LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is a type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol in the bloodstream.

Lactase

Lactase is the digestive enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

Lactose

Lactose is a natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. It is a disaccharide composed of two simpler sugars: glucose and galactose.

Lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is the inability to fully digest lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products, due to a deficiency of lactase, the enzyme needed to break down lactose into simpler sugars for absorption in the small intestine.

Lamb ears

Lamb ears are natural, chewy treats made from the ears of lambs. They are commonly used as a healthy snack for dogs. Lamb ears are similar to other animal-based chews, such as pig or cow ears, and are a popular choice for pet owners seeking a more natural and digestible alternative to processed treats.

Lamb femur

A lamb femur is a long, weight-bearing bone from a lamb's leg that dogs often use as a natural chew. These bones are typically larger and harder than other types, providing a durable and engaging chew.

Lamb liver

Lamb liver is a nutrient-dense organ meat commonly used as a treat or as a component of a dog's regular diet. It is rich in essential vitamins and minerals, making it a highly beneficial addition to dogs' meals when fed in moderation.

Lamb lung

Lamb lungs are sheep's respiratory organs. They consist of spongy, air-filled tissue that facilitates gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled. Lamb lungs comprise a network of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli that transport and exchange gases.

Lamb trachea

The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a passageway for air through the body into the lungs. It is surrounded by cartilage.

Lamb weasand

The lamb weasand is the esophagus or gullet of a lamb. It is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach and is responsible for moving food through rhythmic contractions.

Larch arabinogalactan

Larch arabinogalactan is a natural polysaccharide derived from the wood of the larch tree, particularly from species like Larix occidentalis (Western larch).

Laser lithotripsy

Laser lithotripsy is a minimally invasive procedure for treating bladder stones in dogs.

Lauric acid

Lauric acid is a Medium Chain Triglyceride found in coconut oil.

Lethargy

Feeling tired, sluggish, or lacking in energy or enthusiasm.

Linoleic acid

Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid crucial for dogs' health. Dogs cannot synthesize linoleic acid independently, so it must be obtained through their diet. It plays several essential roles in maintaining a dog's health.

Lipase

Lipase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the digestion of dietary fats. It breaks down fats into smaller molecules, such as glycerol and free fatty acids, which the body can absorb and use for energy.

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through your bloodstream.

Lotilaner

Lotilaner is the active ingredient in Credelio®

Lufenuron

Lufenuron controls flea infestations by preventing eggs from hatching and the flea shell from developing.

MCS

Muscle Condition Score

MCT

MCT, or Medium-Chain Triglyceride, is a type of fat metabolized differently from long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) in most dietary fats. MCT oil is typically derived from coconut oil.

Macrophages

Macrophages are a type of white blood cell.

Malondialdehyde

A byproduct of lipid (fat) metabolism

Maltose

Maltose consists of two glucose molecules.

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS)

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Manuka honey

Manuka honey is a type of honey native to New Zealand. It’s produced by bees who pollinate the flower Leptospermum scoparium, commonly known as the manuka bush. Manuka honey’s antibacterial properties are what set it apart from traditional honey.

Martingale collar

A martingale collar is like a regular collar but has two loops. The first goes over the dog's head, and the second is attached to the leash. This way, when the dog pulls, you can correct it by applying pressure.

Meat meal

Meat meal is a rendered product made from animal tissues, typically from meat by-products such as bones, cartilage, and connective tissues, but without blood, hair, hooves, or stomach contents. It is processed by cooking (rendering) to remove most of the moisture and fat, resulting in a concentrated protein powder.

Medicinal mushrooms

Medical mushrooms are fungi known for their potential health benefits. They have been used for centuries in traditional medicine.

Melatonin

A naturally occurring neurohormone that is synthesized from tryptophan

Mental stimulation

Mental stimulation for dogs refers to activities and exercises that engage their brains, providing cognitive challenges that fulfill their natural instincts, curiosity, and problem-solving abilities. Mental stimulation is essential for a dog’s overall well-being, as it helps prevent boredom, reduces stress, and minimizes destructive behaviors resulting from under-stimulation.

Metabolism

A complex process by which your dog’s body converts what his food into energy.

Methoprene

Methoprene is a slow-acting insecticide that interferes with the growth cycle of an insect to prevent it from maturing and reproducing.

Microchip

A microchip for dogs is a small electronic device, about the size of a grain of rice, implanted under a dog's skin (usually between the shoulder blades). Each microchip contains a unique identification number that a microchip scanner can read. When scanned, this ID number links to the owner's contact information stored in a microchip registry database.

Mitral valve disease

Mitral valve disease (MVD) is a common heart condition in dogs, especially in older, small-breed dogs. It is characterized by the degeneration of the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart.

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides, also called simple sugars, are the simplest form of carbohydrates.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that carry signals from cell to cell

Neutral proteins

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), neutral proteins refer to proteins that have a neutral thermal property, meaning they neither warm nor cool the body's internal energy (Qi). This neutrality makes them versatile, as they can support a balanced diet without strongly affecting the body's Yin. Neutral proteins are considered harmonizing and are especially useful for individuals who require a gentle, stabilizing influence on their body's energy.

Niacin

Niacin, or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble B vitamin found naturally in some foods.

Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless gas and a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the body. It is a free radical composed of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom.

No pull harness

A no-pull harness for dogs is designed to discourage pulling behavior by giving the handler more control over the dog without causing discomfort or harm.

Non-Essential Amino Acids

Non-essential amino acids for dogs are amino acids that their bodies can synthesize on their own from other nutrients, so they do not need to be supplied directly through the diet. While essential amino acids must come from food sources because the dog cannot produce them, non-essential amino acids are naturally produced within a dog's body under normal, healthy conditions.

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is an essential neurotransmitter that causes an increase in heart rate and blood pumping from the heart and increases blood pressure when needed.

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules essential for life. They are the building blocks of genetic material and store, transmit, and express genetic information in all living organisms.

Nucleotides

Nucleotides are the basic structural units of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and play key roles in cellular energy transfer, signaling, and metabolism.

Obesity

Obesity in dogs is a condition characterized by excessive body fat, typically defined as weighing 15-20% or more above its ideal body weight.

Obligate carnivore

An obligate carnivore is an animal that primarily depends on a diet of meat to meet its nutritional needs because its body cannot efficiently digest or obtain essential nutrients from plant material.

Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of a small number (typically 3–10) of sugar molecules (monosaccharides) linked together.

Omega-3

Omega-3 fatty acids are a group of essential polyunsaturated fats that play a crucial role in maintaining health across many bodily systems. Since the body cannot produce these fats independently, they must be obtained from food or supplements.

Organic

Organic foods are produced through agricultural methods that meet specific standards that promote environmental health, biodiversity, and animal welfare. Organic farming practices avoid or strictly limit synthetic pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), antibiotics, and growth hormones. Instead, organic farming emphasizes natural processes, such as crop rotation, composting, biological pest control, and using natural fertilizers to enrich the soil.

Organophosphates

Organophosphates are a class of chemical compounds widely used as insecticides, herbicides, and nerve agents. They are phosphoric acid derivatives and are known for their potency in disrupting nervous system function in pests and, unfortunately, in humans and animals when exposed to toxic levels.

Osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis (OC) is a developmental joint disorder in dogs where the cartilage in a growing dog's joints fails to properly develop into bone, leading to abnormal cartilage thickening, cracking, or separation. This condition primarily affects young, large-breed dogs.

Oxidation

Oxidation is a chemical process in which a substance loses electrons. It often involves the interaction with oxygen or other oxidizing agents. It is a fundamental reaction in both chemical and biological systems.

Palatable

Palatable refers to something pleasant or acceptable to taste, making it enjoyable or easy to eat. In the context of food, especially pet food, palatable means that the food is appealing and flavorful, encouraging the dog (or other animal) to eat it readily.

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas due to premature activation of digestive enzymes released by the pancreas, causing severe pain and inflammation.

Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid is vitamin B5

Paraffin

Paraffin is a waxy, colorless substance derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale. It is commonly used in candles, lubricants, and cosmetics.

Paralysis

Paralysis is the loss of the ability to move some or all of the body.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are small glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck.

Pasture-raised

Pasture-raised refers to livestock, such as chickens, cows, and pigs, raised outdoors on pasture land, where they can graze and forage for a significant portion of their diet. This method prioritizes animal welfare, allowing animals to roam freely and express natural behaviors, such as pecking, rooting, or grazing, rather than being confined to indoor or restricted environments.

Pepsin

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme produced in the stomach that plays a crucial role in breaking down proteins into smaller peptides, aiding in protein digestion.

Percutaneous Cystolithotomy (PCCL)

A surgical procedure used for the removal of bladder stones in dogs.

Periodontal disease

Periodontal disease in dogs refers to an inflammatory condition affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. Periodontal disease is one of the most common dental issues in dogs and can range from mild gum inflammation to severe damage to the gums, teeth, and underlying bone structures.

Permethrin

Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that repels and kills fleas and ticks on contact.

Peroxidation

Peroxidation refers to a chemical reaction in which free radicals attack lipids (fats) in cell membranes, forming lipid peroxides. This process is a key component of oxidative stress and can cause significant cellular damage.

Phytates

Phytate or phytic acid is how phosphorus is stored in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds.

Phytoestrogen

Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring plant-derived compounds that mimic or modulate the activity of estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, in the body. They have a similar chemical structure to estrogen, allowing them to bind to estrogen receptors and exert either weak estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects.

Phytonutrient

Phytonutrient literally means plant nutrient. They are compounds produced by plants that provide health benefits to the body.

Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that live in aquatic environments, primarily oceans, seas, and freshwater bodies. They are a type of plankton and serve as the foundational producers in aquatic food webs.

Pig ear

The ear is the hearing organ of the animal. It also provides balance. Pig ears are the external ear parts of pigs, composed primarily of cartilage, skin, and connective tissue.

Pig foot

Pig feet, also known as pig trotters, are the feet of pigs and are sometimes given to dogs as a natural chew treat.

Pig skin

The skin is a layer of tissue that protects the underlying organs, bones, and muscles from outside elements. Unlike many other mammals, pig skin is not covered with as much hair or fur.

Plaque

Plaque is a sticky, colorless film composed of bacteria, saliva, and food particles that forms on the teeth.

Pollock

Pollock is a whitefish that is included in many cuisines worldwide. It usually lives in the northern oceans and is divided into two species: Alaskan pollock and walleye pollock. Pollock is an alternative to cod, salmon, and haddock.

Polyphenols

Polyphenols are a group of naturally occurring compounds found in plants. They are known for their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. Polyphenols protect plants from environmental stress and contribute to the color, flavor, and bitterness of fruits, vegetables, and beverages like tea and wine.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units (simple sugars) linked together by glycosidic bonds. They serve various functions in living organisms, including energy storage and structural support.

Pork heart

The heart is a muscular organ found in all vertebrates. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body via the circulatory system. Its primary function is maintaining a continuous flow of oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to tissues and organs while removing carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products.

Pork kidney

The kidney is a vital organ found in vertebrates, responsible for filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood to form urine, which is then excreted from the body. Each kidney contains millions of tiny filtering units called nephrons that regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, remove toxins, and help maintain blood pressure by adjusting levels of water, salts, and minerals in the body. The kidneys also play a crucial role in producing hormones that regulate blood pressure, red blood cell production, and calcium metabolism. Healthy kidney function is essential for maintaining overall fluid balance, chemical stability, and homeostasis within the body.

Pork liver

Pork liver is the liver of a pig, a nutrient-rich organ meat often used in culinary dishes and traditional recipes across various cultures.

Pork loin

the loin is located near the shoulder and the back legs of the pig, it is very tender and lean so it makes a great protein to feed as muscle meat or as snacks!

Powdered cellulose

Powdered cellulose is a fine, odorless, tasteless powder made from purified plant fiber, typically derived from wood pulp or cotton. It is composed primarily of cellulose, the structural component of plant cell walls.

Prescription pet food

Prescription pet food, also known as veterinary therapeutic diets, refers to specially formulated pet food designed to manage or treat specific medical conditions in animals. These diets are typically developed based on scientific research and clinical trials to address health issues such as kidney disease, diabetes, food allergies, gastrointestinal disorders, or obesity.

Prey Model Raw (PMR)

The prey model raw (PMR) diet for dogs is a raw feeding approach that seeks to replicate the natural diet of wild carnivores by providing whole prey animals or their components. It focuses on feeding dogs raw meat, organs, and bones in proportions that mimic the prey they would consume in the wild, typically without including plant-based ingredients.

Probiotics

Probiotics for dogs are beneficial live microorganisms, typically bacteria or yeasts, that support a healthy gut flora balance in a dog's digestive system. These probiotics are similar to the "good bacteria" naturally found in the intestines, which play a vital role in digestion, immune function, and overall health.

Prong collar

Prong collars, also known as pinch collars, are a type of dog training collar designed with a series of metal prongs or links that rest around the dog’s neck. When the leash is pulled, the collar tightens slightly, and the prongs apply pressure evenly around the neck. This design is intended to mimic the corrective nip of a mother dog to a pup, aiming to discourage unwanted behaviors in a controlled manner.

Protease

Protease, also known as a proteinase or peptidase, is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides or amino acids by cleaving the peptide bonds between amino acids. Proteases are essential for various biological processes in living organisms.

Protein turnover

Protein turnover refers to the continuous synthesis (creation) and degradation (breakdown) of proteins within an organism's cells. It is a dynamic system that maintains a balance between building new proteins and removing old or damaged ones, ensuring cellular function, adaptation, and homeostasis.

Pumpkin

Pumpkin is a nutritious and versatile food for dogs, often used as a dietary supplement to support digestive health. Both plain, cooked, or canned pumpkin (without added sugar or spices) and fresh pumpkin can provide numerous benefits when fed in moderation.

Purines

Purines are organic compounds that are fundamental building blocks of DNA and RNA, as they form part of nucleotides.

Pyrethroid

Pyrethroids are synthetic versions of pyrethrins

Pyridoxine

Pyridoxine, also known as Vitamin B6, is a coenzyme that aids in the conversion of energy sources and in the synthesis of neurotransmitters.

Pyrimidines

Pyrimidines are single-ring nitrogenous bases essential for genetic material, cellular metabolism, and energy transfer. Their interplay with purines in DNA and RNA is fundamental to life, and their metabolic pathways have significant implications for health and medicine.

Pyriproxyfen

Pyriproxyfen is a chemical agent often used in pesticides.

Quercetin

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid found in many fruits, vegetables, and plants. It is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Quercetin is a powerful antioxidant that neutralizes free radicals and reduces oxidative stress, which may help protect cells from damage.

Rabbit Back Feet

Rabbit feet are boney, fur covered appendages and surrounded by cartilage and skin. These are awesome to feed as a snack or to include in your pup's daily meals!

Ratio Diet

The ratio diet for dog food refers to the proportional distribution of macronutrients (protein, fat, and carbohydrates) or specific food types (e.g., muscle meat, organ meat, bone, and vegetables) in a dog's diet. This concept is prevalent in raw feeding diets like BARF (Biologically Appropriate Raw Food), Prey Model Raw (PMR), and Real Ancestral 6X diets.

Raw feeding

Raw feeding is feeding domestic dogs and cats a diet consisting primarily of uncooked meat, edible bones, and organs. The ingredients used to formulate raw diets can vary. There are three primary models: the Real Ancestral 6X Diet, Prey Model Raw (PMR), and Biologically Appropriate Raw Food (BARF ) diet.

Raw meaty bones (RMB)

Raw meaty bones (RMBs) are uncooked bones that still have meat attached to them. They provide both nutritional and dental benefits for dogs. They are an essential component of many raw feeding diets and are highly valued for their ability to offer natural sources of calcium, phosphorus, and other nutrients and for supporting oral hygiene through chewing.

Rawhide

Rawhide is a popular dog chew made from the inner layer of cow or horse hides. The hides are cleaned, cut, and processed into various shapes, such as bones, rolls, or twists, designed to provide dogs with a long-lasting chewing experience. Rawhide is intended to satisfy a dog's natural urge to chew, promote dental health, and provide entertainment.

Reactive dogs

A reactive dog is a dog that overreacts to specific triggers in their environment with an exaggerated emotional or behavioral response. These triggers include other dogs, people, noises, moving objects (like bicycles or cars), or unfamiliar situations. Reactive behaviors often stem from fear, frustration, excitement, or anxiety and are displayed through barking, lunging, growling, or snapping.

Recreational bones

Recreational bones are large, raw bones given to dogs primarily for chewing and mental enrichment rather than as a primary source of nutrition. Unlike raw meaty bones (RMBs), which are consumed entirely as part of a meal, recreational bones are typically too dense to be eaten completely. They are intended to satisfy a dog's natural chewing instincts, promote dental health, and provide entertainment.

Retinol

Retinol is the active form of vitamin A that the body can readily use.

Retractable leash

A retractable leash is designed to extend and retract, allowing dogs more freedom to roam while remaining connected to their handler. The leash has a thin cord or tape inside a plastic casing with a handle.

Riboflavin

Riboflavin (also known as vitamin B2) is one of the B vitamins, which are all water-soluble.

Rolled cow skin

Rolled cow skin is a dog chew made from the cleaned and dried outer layer of cowhide, shaped into a cylindrical form. It is commonly promoted as a long-lasting treat that satisfies a dog's natural chewing instincts and helps keep them engaged.

Ruminants

Ruminants are herbivorous mammals with a unique digestive system adapted to break down plant material.

SACN

SACN is the acronym of the book Small Animal Clinical Nutrition.

Salmon

Salmon is a species of fish belonging to the family Salmonidae. It is known for its rich flavor, high nutritional value, and adaptability to both freshwater and saltwater environments. Native to the northern Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, salmon are anadromous, meaning they are born in freshwater, migrate to the ocean, and return to freshwater to spawn.

Sardines

Sardines are small, oily fish that belong to the herring family. They are prized for their nutritional value, sustainability, and versatility in cooking.

Sarolaner

Sarolaner is the active ingredient in Simparica®

Satiety

Satiety is the feeling of fullness and satisfaction after eating, which signals the body to stop eating. It is an important physiological response that helps regulate food intake and maintain energy balance.

Saturated fatty acids

Saturated fats are dietary fats found primarily in animal-based foods and some plant oils. They are composed of fatty acid chains that lack double bonds between carbon atoms, which means they are "saturated" with hydrogen atoms. This molecular structure makes them solid at room temperature.

Selamectin

Selamectin is a parasiticide that belongs to the avermectin class of compounds.

Separation anxiety

Separation anxiety is a behavioral condition in dogs (and sometimes other animals) characterized by intense distress and panic when they are left alone or separated from their owner or primary caregiver. It’s one of dogs' most common behavioral issues and can manifest in various physical and emotional signs.

Serotonin

Serotonin is a neurotransmitter, often called the "feel-good" chemical, that is crucial in regulating mood, emotions, and various physiological processes in humans and animals. It is produced primarily in the brain and the gastrointestinal tract and is involved in transmitting signals between nerve cells.

Short-Chain Fatty Acids

Short-chain fatty Acids (SCFAs) are a group of fatty acids with fewer than six carbon atoms. They are primarily produced in the gut through the fermentation of dietary fiber by beneficial bacteria in the colon. SCFAs play a crucial role in maintaining gut health and overall well-being.

Slippery elm bark powder

Slippery elm bark powder is a natural remedy often used for dogs to support digestive health and soothe irritation in the gastrointestinal tract. Derived from the inner bark of the slippery elm tree (Ulmus rubra), this powder is rich in mucilage, a gel-like substance that becomes slippery when mixed with water.

Smelt

Smelt are small, silvery fish belonging to the family Osmeridae. They are known for their delicate, mild flavor and versatility in cooking. Due to their small size, smelt are often consumed whole, making them a popular choice in various cuisines.

Snuffle mat

A snuffle mat is a fun and interactive enrichment tool for dogs designed to engage their natural foraging instincts.

Soluble fiber

Soluble fiber is a dietary fiber that dissolves in water to form a gel-like substance in the digestive system. It offers various health benefits for dogs, primarily by aiding digestion and promoting gut health.

Soy

Soy is a plant-based protein commonly included in dog foods and treats as an alternative or supplement to animal-based proteins.

Species-appropriate diet

Species-appropriate food for dogs refers to a diet that aligns with their biological and physiological needs as carnivores. While domestication has led to some dietary adaptability, dogs are still anatomically and metabolically designed to thrive on a diet rich in animal-based proteins, fats, and minimal carbohydrates.

Spinosad

Spinosad is a naturally derived insecticide that targets the nervous system of fleas.

Spiral pizzle

A spiral pizzle for dogs is a type of natural chew made from a bull penis, twisted into a spiral shape, and then dried.

Starch

Starch is a type of carbohydrate that provides dogs with energy. It is found in plant-based ingredients such as grains (e.g., rice, corn, and wheat), legumes (e.g., peas and lentils), and tubers (e.g., potatoes and sweet potatoes). In commercial dog food, starch is often used to provide structure and texture, especially in kibble, where it acts as a binder to hold the food together during the extrusion process.

Sucrose

Sucrose is a sugar naturally found in many plants, including sugarcane and sugar beets. It is a disaccharide, meaning it is composed of two simpler sugars: glucose and fructose.

Swelling

Swelling is the enlargement or puffiness of a part of the body, typically caused by an accumulation of fluid in the tissues.

Syringomyelia

Syringomyelia is a neurological condition characterized by forming a fluid-filled cavity or cyst, known as a syrinx, within the spinal cord. Over time, this abnormal cavity can expand and elongate, damaging the spinal cord and disrupting the transmission of nerve signals.

Tartar

Tartar, also known as dental calculus, is a hardened and mineralized form of plaque that accumulates on a dog's teeth over time.

Tetrachlorvinphos

Tetrachlorvinphos is used as an oral larvicide in livestock and against flies in dairy.

Thiamine

Thiamine is also known as Vitamin B1.

Training tools

Training tools for dogs are devices or accessories designed to teach dogs desired behaviors, correct unwanted behaviors, or ensure safety and control during training sessions. These tools can be used for obedience training, behavioral modification, or skill development, and their effectiveness depends on proper usage and positive reinforcement techniques.

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are fat (lipid) found in the blood and are the most common form of stored energy in the body. They are composed of three fatty acid molecules attached to a glycerol backbone. Triglycerides are primarily obtained from food, particularly fats and carbohydrates, and are also synthesized in the liver.

Tryptophan

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that the body cannot produce independently and must be obtained through diet. It is a precursor to several important molecules, including serotonin, melatonin, and niacin (vitamin B3).

Turkey breast

Turkey breast is a lean, protein-rich meat that can be nutritious to a dog's diet when appropriately prepared. It is low in fat and high in essential nutrients such as B vitamins (like B6 and B12), selenium, and phosphorus, which support a dog's energy levels, immune system, and overall health.

Turkey gizzards

Turkey gizzards are a type of organ meat found in the digestive tract of a turkey, specifically the muscular part of the stomach that helps grind food.

Turkey necks

A turkey neck refers to the neck portion of a turkey, consisting of muscle, bone, cartilage, skin, and connective tissue.

Turmeric

Turmeric is a bright yellow spice derived from the root of the plant Curcuma longa, which belongs to the ginger family. It has been used for centuries in cooking, traditional medicine, and as a natural dye. The active compound in turmeric, curcumin, is known for its potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and potential health-promoting properties.

Ultrasonic dissolution

A non-invasive veterinary procedure that uses high frequency ultrasound waves to dissolve urinary bladder stones.

Unsaturated fats

Unsaturated fats are beneficial for dogs when fed in appropriate amounts. They are primarily found in plant-based oils (like flaxseed, olive, and sunflower oil) and fatty fish (such as salmon and sardines). Unsaturated fats are categorized into monounsaturated fats (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fats (PUFA), which include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.

Urease

An enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea, a nitrogen-containing compound found in urine and other bodily fluids, into carbon dioxide and ammonia.

Urinary calculus

Another term for bladder stones

Urohydropropulsion

Urohydropropulsion is a veterinary medical procedure used to remove small bladder stones (uroliths) from an animal's bladder or urethra using fluid pressure. It is commonly performed in dogs and cats as a non-surgical method to treat urolithiasis, mainly when stones are located in the lower urinary tract.

Vaccination

Vaccination is administering a vaccine to stimulate an individual’s immune system to recognize and defend against specific pathogens, such as viruses or bacteria. Vaccines are typically made from weakened, inactivated, or genetically engineered components of a pathogen, such as proteins or genetic material, that safely mimic the infection without causing the disease.

Vitamin A

Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions. It exists in several forms, with retinol being the most usable form for the body.

Vitamin B1

Vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a water-soluble, essential nutrient that the body cannot produce on its own, so it must be obtained through the diet.

Vitamin B12

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a critical role in various bodily functions, including nerve function, DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and energy metabolism.

Vitamin B2

Vitamin B2, also known as riboflavin, is a water-soluble vitamin essential in various bodily functions.

Vitamin B3

Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, contributing to overall health and well-being.

Vitamin B5

Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes within the body.

Vitamin B6

Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions and overall health.

Vitamin B7

Vitamin B7, also known as biotin, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions.

Vitamin B9

Vitamin B9, also known as folate or folic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, especially in cell division and the production of DNA and RNA.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C , also known as ascorbic acid, is a water-soluble vitamin, is often called the immunity vitamin due to its immune system boosting properties.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining healthy bones, teeth, and overall health. It exists in several forms, with the two major forms being vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol).

Vitamin E

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in several forms, with alpha-tocopherol being the most biologically active form for humans and animals.

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in two primary forms: vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone).

Warming (qi tonic) proteins

Warming proteins refer to foods, particularly animal-based protein sources, believed to have a warming effect on the body according to traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) or holistic nutrition principles. These proteins are thought to generate heat, boost circulation, and provide energy, making them beneficial in colder climates or for individuals with "cold" constitutions.

Water-soluble vitamins

Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water upon entering the body. Dogs cannot store excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins for later use.

Whole Prey

Whole prey for dogs is a raw diet that includes whole animals such as chickens, rabbits, and ducks, among others.

Xylitol

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol commonly used as a sugar substitute in human foods and products, such as sugar-free gum, candies, peanut butter, baked goods, and some medications. While safe for humans, xylitol is highly toxic to dogs, even in small amounts, and can lead to severe, potentially life-threatening conditions.

Yelloweye rockfish

Yelloweye Rockfish feed on other smaller fish and can live to be older than one hundred years old. They are slow maturing, and generally reach maturity at 10-20 years, so they can be easily overfished.

Zinc

Zinc is an essential trace mineral critical for numerous biological functions in humans and animals.