AAFCO

AAFCO, short for the Association of American Feed Control Officials, is a private, non-governmental organization in the United States that sets standards for the formulation, labeling, and nutritional adequacy of animal feeds and pet foods.

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an organic compound that provides energy for the metabolic processes in all living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and RNA synthesis.

Abscess

An abscess is a pocket of pus that forms in any part of the body.

Absorption

The process by which nutrients from food enter a dog’s bloodstream through the digestive system.

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that occurs throughout the nervous system and is essential for cell-to-cell communication.

Achromotrichia

Achromotrichia is the loss of normal hair coloration, especially on the head and face

Acrylamide

A potentially harmful chemical formed during high-temperature cooking of starchy foods, linked to cancer risks.

Activated charcoal

Activated charcoal is a substance used in dogs to help treat poisoning or accidental ingestion of harmful substances.

Acute

Acute is a term used to describe something severe, intense, or sudden in onset.

Acute pain

Acute pain is a type of pain that comes on suddenly and is typically sharp or intense in nature.

Addison's Disease

Addison's disease, also called adrenal insufficiency or hypoadrenocorticism, Addison's disease is a disorder resulting in the production of too little cortisol and aldosterone.

Adenosine Triphosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is a molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of cells in all living organisms.

Adipocytes

Adipocytes, also known as fat cells, are cells that store fat.

Adiponectin

Adiponectin is a protein hormone secreted primarily by adipose (fat) tissue that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic processes in the body, including glucose regulation and fatty acid breakdown. It is considered an anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing hormone, meaning it helps improve how the body responds to insulin and reduces inflammation.

Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands are small, paired endocrine glands located near the kidneys in dogs. They play a crucial role in regulating various physiological functions by producing hormones that affect metabolism, stress response, immune function, and more.

Adrenal insufficency

A condition where a dog’s adrenal glands don’t produce enough hormones.

Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs)

Harmful compounds formed when proteins or fats combine with sugar, potentially contributing to inflammation.

Afoxolaner

Afoxolaner is the active ingredient in NexGard®

Agglomeration

Grouping together or collecting in mass

Albumin

Albumin is a protein in your dog's blood vital in maintaining proper fluid balance, transporting nutrients, and supporting overall health.

Aldosterone

A hormone that helps regulate a dog’s sodium, potassium, and water balance.

Allergy

An allergy occurs when the body’s immune system mistakenly reacts to something harmless, like a particular food, pollen, or flea bite, as if it were a threat.

Alopecia

Alopecia is the loss of hair, and it can occur in many places on a dog.

Alpha-Linoleic Acid

Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential omega-3 fatty acid for dogs. This means they must obtain it through their diet as their bodies cannot produce it naturally.

Amino acids

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins essential for your dog’s overall health and well-being.

Amount-restricted feeding

Controlling portion sizes to prevent overfeeding and manage weight in dogs.

Amylase

Amylase is an enzyme that helps break down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, such as glucose, which the body can then absorb and use for energy. Unlike most mammals, dogs do not produce amylase in their saliva.

Analgesic

An analgesic is a substance or medication that helps relieve pain without causing a loss of consciousness.

Anchovy

Anchovies are small fish full of flavor. Because of their size, they often travel in schools (safety in numbers!). They are often preyed on by other larger fish.

Anemia

Anemia occurs when red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin, or both are reduced, which are crucial for carrying oxygen throughout the body.

Animal fat

Animal fat is a key dietary component for dogs, providing a concentrated energy source, essential fatty acids, and support for overall health. As facultative carnivores, dogs are naturally adapted to metabolize fat efficiently, making it a critical part of their diet.

Anorexia

Anorexia refers to a lack or loss of appetite for food, which can occur for various reasons and is a clinical sign rather than a standalone disease.

Anthelmintic

An anthelmintic is a medication used to treat infections caused by parasitic worms (helminths) in humans and animals, including dogs.

Anti-nutriient

Substances that reduce nutrient absorption, such as phytates in grains, and pharmaceuticals, which can interfere with mineral uptake.

Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria evolve the ability to survive the effects of antibiotics, making these medications less effective or completely ineffective in treating bacterial infections.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics for dogs are medications used to treat bacterial infections, such as skin, ear, respiratory, or urinary tract infections. These medications kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria, helping your dog recover from illness. Antibiotics are only effective against bacterial infections and won’t help with viral or fungal infections.

Antibody

An antibody, also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large Y-shaped protein produced by the immune system to neutralize and fight foreign invaders.

Antidiuretic hormone

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) helps regulate a dog’s water balance and urine production.

Antiemetic

An antiemetic is a medication that helps prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting.

Antifungal

Antifungals are drugs used to treat fungal infections.

Antigen

An antigen is any substance that triggers an immune response in the body. It can be a molecule, such as a protein, carbohydrate, or lipid, that the immune system recognizes as foreign or harmful.

Antihistamine

An antihistamine is a medication that blocks the effects of histamine, a chemical responsible for allergic reactions and specific inflammatory responses.

Antimycotics

Antimycotics, or antifungal agents, are medications or substances used to treat fungal infections in animals and humans.

Antioxidants

Antioxidants are compounds that help protect your dog's cells from damage caused by harmful molecules called free radicals.

Anxiety

Anxiety, caused by changes in their environment, separation from their owners, fear of loud noises, unfamiliar situations or people, and past trauma can affect a dog's quality of life and overall well-being.

Apoquel

Apoquel is a prescription medication for treating itching and inflammation caused by dog allergies. It works by blocking certain chemicals in the dog's body that trigger itching, redness, and irritation.

Apple cider vinegar

Apple cider vinegar (ACV) is a type of vinegar made from fermented apple juice. It is produced through a two-step fermentation: first, apples are crushed, and the yeast converts their sugars into alcohol. Then, bacteria convert the alcohol into acetic acid, which gives ACV its sour taste and pungent smell. Apple cider vinegar is widely used in cooking, cleaning, and as a natural remedy for various health and wellness purposes.

Arginine

Arginine is an amino acid that's important for immune function, wound healing and fighting infections.

Arthritis

A common condition that affects the joints, resulting in pain, inflammation, and reduced mobility. It is most commonly seen in older dogs but can occur in dogs of any age.

Artificial coloring

Artificial or natural additives used to improve the appearance of dog food, often unnecessary for health

Ascophyllum Nodosum

A type of seaweed rich in nutrients and antioxidants.

Ascorbic acid

Ascorbic acid, also known as synthetic Vitamin C. Natural vitamin C is composed of the cofactors rutin, bioflavonoids, Factor K, Factor P, tyrosinase, Ascorbinase, and other components, which all work together. Synthetic vitamin C is ascorbic acid only.

Asthma

Asthma in dogs is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways in the lungs, which can lead to difficulty breathing.

Astringent

An astringent is a substance used to contract or tighten tissues, reduce secretions, and help dry out excess moisture.

Ataxia

Ataxia is a loss of coordination, balance, or control over their movements. It is a symptom rather than a disease, indicating an underlying issue with the nervous system or other bodily functions. Ataxia can affect a dog's limbs, head, or body, leading to unsteady walking, swaying, or an inability to judge distances correctly.

Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis in dogs is a condition in which fatty deposits, known as plaques, build up in the walls of the arteries, leading to thickening and hardening and reduced blood flow.

Autoimmune Diseases

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages the body's own cells and tissues.

Autoimmune Response

An autoimmune response in dogs occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s tissues or organs, believing them to be foreign or harmful. Depending on which part of the body is affected, this misguided attack can result in inflammation, tissue damage, and a range of health problems.

Autophagy

Autophagy is a natural process in the body where cells break down and recycle their components. The word comes from Greek, meaning "self-eating." It is a critical mechanism that helps maintain cellular health by removing damaged or unnecessary cellular materials, including proteins, organelles, and other cellular debris, repurposing them for energy, or building new cellular components.

Avermectin

Avermectin is a class of compounds derived from naturally occurring bacteria called Streptomyces avermitilis.

Azo dyes

Azo dyes are a group of synthetic dyes characterized by one or more azo bonds in their molecular structure, which link aromatic compounds. These dyes are widely used in various industries, including textiles, food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals, due to their vibrant and diverse range of colors, stability, and cost-effectiveness.

BCS

Body Condition Score

Bee pollen

Bee pollen is a ball or pellet of field-gathered flower pollen packed by worker honeybees and used as the primary food source for the hive. It comprises simple sugars, protein, vitamins and minerals, fatty acids, and other components. Bees spread pollen from flower to flower, fertilizing plants to produce berries, fruits, nuts, and vegetables. More than 100 crops grown in the US are pollinated by honeybees!

Beef aorta

The aorta is the largest artery in a dog's body, responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the rest of the body. It starts at the heart's left ventricle and travels through the chest and abdomen, branching into smaller arteries that deliver blood to the organs and tissues. The aorta plays a crucial role in circulating blood, ensuring that your dog's body gets the oxygen and nutrients it needs to function properly.

Beef backstrap

Beef backstrap is a tendon that runs along the spinal cord of cattle. When air dried, the backstrap makes for a tough chew that provides mental stimulation and releases endorphins. When in its raw form, it still makes for a great chew but also a great addition into a raw diet!

Beef liver

The liver is a vital organ in cattle, sheep, elk, and many other animals (humans!). It helps detoxify the body, helps with digestion, produces proteins, and secretes bile. The liver is by far the most nutrient-dense organ you can feed your dog.

Beef pizzle

A beef pizzle is a dog chew made from the air-dried penis of a bull.

Beef spleen

The spleen is an important organ in a dog's body that plays several key roles in maintaining overall health. Its primary functions include filtering and recycling blood cells, particularly red blood cells. The spleen removes old or damaged red blood cells, while valuable components like iron are recycled to make new red blood cells.

Beef tendon

Beef tendon is a tough, fibrous part of the cow's connective tissue, typically found around joints. Due to its durability and nutritional benefits, it is commonly used as a natural chew treat for dogs.

Beef trachea

Beef tracheas are the windpipes of cows, and they are often used as natural chews for dogs.

Benign

A non-cancerous growth or tumor that is generally less harmful to a dog’s health.

Beta-carotene

Beta-carotene is a natural pigment and antioxidant found in many fruits and vegetables, particularly those with vibrant orange, red, or yellow colors. It belongs to a group of compounds called carotenoids, which are precursors to vitamin A.

Bile

Bile is a digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It plays a critical role in the digestion and absorption of fats and fat-soluble vitamins in the small intestine.

Binding

The process by which certain substances attach to nutrients, potentially affecting their absorption in a dog’s body.

Bioavailable

Bioavailability refers to how easily and efficiently a nutrient or substance can be absorbed and used by your dog's body. When something is highly bioavailable, your dog can digest and absorb the nutrients from that food or supplement more effectively.

Biologically Appropriate Raw Food (BARF)

Biologically Appropriate Raw Food (BARF) is a raw diet designed to provide dogs with a homemade diet consisting of raw meaty bones, muscle meat, vegetables, and fruit while eliminating all processed foods and grains. A complete BARF diet for dogs consists of 70% muscle meat, 10% raw edible bone, 5% liver, 5% other-secreting organ, and 10% vegetables and fruit.

Biopsy

A diagnostic procedure where tissue is removed from a dog for microscopic examination.

Biotin

Biotin, also known as Vitamin B7, is a cofactor that is required for the metabolic process to work properly.

Bison Scapula

The scapula, or shoulder blade, is a wing shaped piece of cartilage and bone that connects the front limbs to the torso.

Bison Spleen

The spleen is an important part of the immune system. It clears out old blood cells, and stores white blood cells and platelets, which are both important in fighting off infections.

Bladder stone

A bladder stone is a hard, crystalline deposit that forms in the urinary bladder

Bleached tripe

White or bleached tripe refers to the cleaned and treated stomach lining of cattle or other ruminants (such as sheep or goats). Tripe is typically prepared from the first three chambers of the animal's stomach. The process of "bleaching" involves cleaning the tripe by boiling it in a chemical solution, usually containing chlorine or hydrogen peroxide, to remove impurities, bacteria, and natural color. This results in the tripe turning white, giving it a more visually appealing appearance for culinary use.

Body Fat

Body fat, also called adipose tissue, is necessary for energy storage, insulation and temperature regulation, protection of the organs, and hormone regulation. Hormones such as leptin and adiponectin are produced by adipose tissue and play a role in appetite control, insulin sensitivity, and inflammation.

Bone broth

Bone broth is a nutritious liquid for dogs made by simmering animal bones (such as chicken, beef, or pork) in water for an extended period, typically 12-24 hours.

Bone meal

Bone meal is a finely ground powder made from steamed or cooked animal bones that have been crushed. It is commonly used as a dietary supplement for dogs and other animals and as a plant fertilizer.

Borage Oil

A plant-based oil high in gamma-linolenic acid (GLA).

Boron

Boron is a trace mineral found naturally in the earth's crust, soil, water, and various foods. It is an essential micronutrient required in small amounts for various physiological functions in dogs.

Botulism

Botulism is a rare but serious illness caused by a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum.

Brachycephalic

Brachycephalic refers to dogs with a distinctive skull shape, shortened nose, and flattened face.

Brewers rice

Brewer's rice is a by-product of the rice milling process. It consists of small, broken grains of white rice left over after the rice has been processed for human consumption.

By-product

Animal by-products are parts of an animal that are not typically consumed by humans but can still provide nutritional value for pets, including dogs. These include organs like the liver, kidneys, and lungs, as well as parts such as bones, blood, and fatty tissue.

CBC

A CBC (Complete Blood Count) is a common blood test used to evaluate overall health and detect various disorders, including infections, anemia, and other blood-related conditions.

Calcium

Calcium is an essential mineral for dogs, playing a crucial role in various physiological functions within their bodies, especially maintaining strong bones and teeth.

Calcium carbonate

A chemical compound that is one of the most common forms of calcium found in nature.

Calcium citrate

A calcium salt derived from citric acid

Candida

Candida in dogs refers to a genus of yeast-like fungi, most commonly Candida albicans, that is part of the normal microbial flora on the skin, mouth, ears, and gastrointestinal and genital tracts.

Canola Oil

A vegetable oil derived from the seeds of the canola plant.

Capelin

Capelin is a small foraging fish in the smelt family. It is cold water in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Arctic.

Caprylic Acid

A medium-chain fatty acid known for its antifungal and antibacterial properties.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are macronutrients in foods that provide energy to the body. They are made of sugars, starches, and fibers in bread, pasta, fruits, and vegetables. Carbohydrates are broken down into glucose (a type of sugar) in the body, which is the primary energy source for cells, tissues, and organs.

Carcass

A carcass refers to the dead body of an animal. It can apply to animals that have died naturally, been hunted, or slaughtered for purposes such as food, study, or other uses.

Carcinogen

A carcinogen is any substance, agent, or exposure that can cause or promote cancer development.

Carnivore

A carnivore is an organism that primarily consumes animal tissue as the main source of its diet.

Cartilage

Cartilage is a flexible, connective tissue found throughout the body. It provides support and cushioning in areas where flexibility and durability are needed. Unlike bone, cartilage is avascular (lacking blood vessels) and relies on diffusion for nutrient and waste exchange.

Catabolism

Catabolism is the set of metabolic processes in the body that break down complex molecules into simpler ones to release energy. This energy is used to power various cellular activities essential for maintaining life.

Cavity

Cavities, also known as dental caries, are decayed areas in the teeth caused by bacterial action leading to the destruction of tooth enamel and underlying structures.

Cellular Energy

Energy is produced and utilized by cells to carry out various functions such as growth, division, and movement. The energy used by cells is primarily derived from the breakdown of nutrients such as glucose and fatty acids through a process called cellular respiration.

Cellulase

Cellulase is an enzyme that breaks down cellulose, a complex carbohydrate found in plant cell walls.

Cerebrospinal fluid

A clear fluid that surrounds and protects a dog’s brain and spinal cord.

Chelate

A compound that binds minerals, improving their absorption in a dog’s digestive system.

Chia seeds

Chia seeds are tiny seeds from the Salvia hispanica plant. They are packed with nutrients that can benefit dogs.

Chicken feet

Chicken feet are bony and surrounded by cartilage and skin. They are a natural, nutrient-rich treat for dogs made from the feet of chickens. Chicken feet are high in glucosamine and chondroitin, which are beneficial for supporting joint health, especially in aging or active dogs. Additionally, they are a good source of protein and collagen, which help maintain healthy skin, coat, and joints.

Chicken heart

Hearts are the muscular organs that pump blood throughout the body of all animals.

Chicken liver

Chicken liver is an organ meat from chickens that is used as a component in a fresh or raw food diet for dogs.

Chicken neck

A chicken neck is the part of a chicken's anatomy that connects the head to the body. It contains a small amount of meat, along with bones, cartilage, and connective tissue.

Chlorella

A type of freshwater algae high in nutrients.

Chlorophyll

The green pigment in plants that aids in detoxification and immune support.

Choline

Choline plays a key role in fat metabolism, neurotransmission, and liver function.

Chondroitin

Chondroitin is a natural compound found in animal cartilage and is commonly used to support joint health in dogs. It helps maintain cartilage structure, improve mobility, and reduce inflammation in conditions like arthritis.

Chronic

Chronic refers to a condition, disease, or issue that persists for a long time, often lasting months or years, and typically develops slowly over time.

Chronic dehydration

Dehydration can be caused by several factors, including an inability to drink enough water or absorb fluids due to kidney failure. Chronic dehydration can lead to serious health problems and even death if left untreated.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

CKD in dogs is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose their ability to function properly. The kidneys play a crucial role in filtering waste products and toxins from the blood, balancing fluids, and regulating essential minerals like potassium and sodium. In CKD, the kidneys' ability to perform these functions declines over time, leading to a buildup of waste in the dog's body.

Circadian rhythm

The natural cycle of physical, mental, and behavior changes that occur in the body within a 24-hour cycle.

Coccidia

Coccidia in dogs is a group of microscopic parasites that infect the intestinal lining, causing coccidiosis.

Coconut oil

Coconut oil is a natural oil extracted from the meat of mature coconuts harvested from the coconut palm (Cocos nucifera).

Coefficient of Fermentation

Fermentation is the process that breaks down substances into simpler substances.

Cognitive function

A dog’s mental abilities, including memory, learning, and problem-solving.

Colitis

Colitis is an inflammation of the colon (large intestine), which often results in diarrhea or other digestive disturbances.

Collagen

A structural protein that supports skin, joints, and connective tissues.

Collapsed trachea

A condition in small-breed dogs where the trachea weakens, causing breathing difficulties.

Colloidal Silver

Colloidal silver is a suspension of tiny silver particles dispersed in a liquid, typically water. It is a dietary supplement or alternative remedy for treating various infections, boosting the immune system, or promoting healing.

Colostrum

Colostrum is the first form of milk mammals produce, including dogs, immediately after giving birth.

Commmon cancer

Frequently occurring cancers in dogs, such as lymphoma, mast cell tumors, and hemangiosarcoma.

Cooling proteins (Yin)

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) teaches that all beings have natural energy that requires balance, which can be achieved through various factors, such as food. In TCM, "cooling proteins" refer to foods or ingredients classified as having "cool" or "cold" properties, meaning they help to balance excess heat in the body.

Coprophagia

Coprophagia is the act of consuming feces, a behavior observed in some animals, including dogs. While it can seem unpleasant or concerning to dog parents, coprophagia is relatively common in certain circumstances and can have various underlying causes.

Corn

Corn is a cereal plant that yields large grains. Whole corn is considered a vegetable, and the corn kernel itself (from which popcorn comes) is considered a grain. Corn lacks nutritional value for dogs, so it's best to stay away from any dog food that contains corn.

Corn Oil

A widely used oil extracted from corn kernels.

Corticosteroid

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones produced naturally by the adrenal glands or synthesized as medications.

Cortisol

Cortisol is the primary stress hormone, that increases glucose in the blood, enhances the brain's use of glucose, and increases the availability of substances that repair tissues.

Cow Ear

The ear is the hearing organ of the animal. It also provides balance and is mostly made of cartilage.

Cranial Cruciate Ligament (CrCL)

A ligament in the knee that stabilizes the joint; often injured in dogs.

Creatinine

Creatinine is a waste product from normal wear and tear on the body's muscles.

Cucurbitin

Cucurbutin is a naturally occurring amino acid found primarily in the seeds of plants from the Cucurbitaceae family, such as pumpkins, squash, and gourds.GI tract

Cystoscopic guided removal

A procedure in which a cystoscope, a thin, flexible tube with a light and camera at the end, is used to visualize and guide the removal of a bladder stone from the bladder or urethra.

Cytokines

Small proteins that regulate immune responses.

Degenerative Joint Disease

Degenerative Joint Disease (DJD), or osteoarthritis, is a chronic condition characterized by the progressive breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.

Degenerative Orthopedic Disease (DOD)

A group of conditions in dogs affecting joint health, including arthritis and hip dysplasia.

Dehydration

A condition where a dog lacks sufficient water, affecting organ function and health.

Dental calculus

Dental calculus is synonymous with tartar. It is a hardened accumulation of mineralized dental plaque that adheres to the teeth' surfaces. It's a yellow or brownish-colored substance that can form both above and below the gum line.

Depression

A state of low mood and energy in dogs, often caused by illness, stress, or environmental changes.

Desexing

A general term for the surgical removal of reproductive organs in animals, including spaying and neutering.

Detox

Detox in dogs refers to eliminating harmful substances, toxins, or waste from a dog's body, often to improve overall health or address specific health conditions. Dogs that have been overvaccinated, treated with chemical flea treatments, or suffer from allergies may need to be detoxified.

Detoxification

The process of removing toxins from the body.

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) due to the body's inability to produce sufficient insulin or effectively use insulin. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, helps regulate blood sugar by facilitating glucose uptake into cells for energy.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a severe and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes that occurs when the body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones.

Digestiion

The process by which a dog’s body breaks down food into nutrients for absorption.

Digestive Enzymes

Produced by the body to break down food so that it is easier to digest. they are properties of all living cells that bring about changes in the body and one of the most important forces of energy in every living cell

Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a serious heart condition in dogs where the heart's muscles become weakened and enlarged, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood efficiently. As the heart's walls thin and stretch, it struggles to supply the body with enough oxygenated blood, which can lead to symptoms like lethargy, coughing, difficulty breathing, and fainting. Over time, DCM can result in heart failure if left untreated.

Disaccharide

Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharide units linked together.

Diuretic

A diuretic is a type of medication or substance that promotes the kidneys' production and excretion of urine.

Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA)

An omega-3 fatty acid important for brain and eye development.

Domesticated

Domesticated refers to an animal that has been tamed and adapted over generations to live alongside humans, usually for companionship, labor, or food production. These animals have been selectively bred to exhibit traits that make them more manageable, less aggressive, and more dependent on humans for survival.

Dopamine

A neurotransmitter and precursor of other substances, including epinephrine

Duck feet

Duck feet are used as natural treats or chews for dogs. They are popular for their nutritional benefits and are considered a healthy snack alternative to more processed treats. Duck feet are rich in protein, glucosamine, and chondroitin, which support joint health, and calcium, which strengthens bones.

Duck heads

Duck heads comprise skin, bone, eyes, brain, and tongue. Duck is a cooling protein in TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine), so it benefits dogs with inflammation, redness, or allergies.

Duck neck

The duck neck is the part of the body that supports the head. It contains vertebrae and is the start of the spinal cord. Duck necks are usually in between sizes of chicken neck and turkey neck and make for great chews

Duck wing

The duck's wings are appendages covered with feathers to help them fly.

E-collar

A training collar is used on dogs to deliver stimulation to correct unwanted behaviors.

EPA

EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) is an omega-3 fatty acid that can be found in oily fish.

Edible bones

Edible bones are soft, consumable bones that can be safely eaten and digested by dogs with minimal risk of splintering or causing harm. These bones typically come from animals like poultry (such as chicken, duck, or turkey) and are often included in raw feeding diets or given as natural chews.

Eggs

Eggs are a highly nutritious food that can be fed to dogs as part of a balanced diet. They are a terrific addition to your dog's diet as a supplement to her raw bowl or topper for kibble.

Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA)

An omega-3 fatty acid with anti-inflammatory properties.

Electrolytes

Electrolytes are essential minerals in a dog's body that carry an electric charge and are critical for maintaining various physiological functions.

Elk

Elk are large deer with large antlers that usually live in forests or grassy areas. They are ruminants with four chambers in their stomachs, similar to cattle.

Encapsulation

The action of enclosing something in or as in a capsule.

Endocannabinoid System

A complex system in the body that regulates functions like appetite, mood, pain, and immune response.

Endocarditis

Endocarditis in dogs is an inflammation of the heart's inner lining, often caused by bacterial infection.

Energy

The caloric fuel derived from food that powers a dog’s daily activities and bodily functions.

Epinephrine

Epinephrine is a hormone and neurotransmitter that is often called adrenaline.

Epithelial cells

Epithelial cells are specialized cells that form the lining of surfaces and cavities throughout the body. They are found in the skin, lining of organs, blood vessels, and other tissues. Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to protect the body from pathogens, chemicals, and physical damage. Depending on their location and type, they also play roles in absorption, secretion, sensation, and filtration.

Essential amino acids

Essential amino acids for dogs are those that their bodies cannot produce independently and, therefore, must be obtained through their diet. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins, which are critical for maintaining a dog’s overall health, supporting muscle growth, repairing tissues, and performing other vital bodily functions.

Essential fatty acids

Essential fatty acids (EFAs) are types of fats that dogs cannot produce on their own and must obtain through their diet.

Extrusion

Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to produce a variety of products, including pet food (such as kibble), by forcing raw materials through a machine known as an extruder. This process involves mixing ingredients, subjecting them to high heat and pressure, and then pushing them through a shaped die to form the final product.

Facultative carnivore

A facultative carnivore is an animal that primarily consumes meat but can survive on a non-meat diet if necessary. Unlike obligate carnivores, which rely on almost entirely animal products to meet their nutritional needs, facultative carnivores can digest and utilize plant-based foods to varying extents.

Fasting

Fasting in dogs involves intentionally withholding food for a certain period while still providing access to water to rest the digestive system or for medical or health purposes.

Fat

A macronutrient providing energy, aiding in vitamin absorption, and supporting cell health in dogs.

Fat cells

Cells in a dog’s body that store fat for energy and insulation.

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamins that are stored in body fat.

Fatigue

A state of extreme tiredness or exhaustion, where the dog appears weak, inactive, and lacks energy.

Fatty acids

Fatty acids are an essential nutrient found in fats and oils. They play several critical roles in the body, including energy storage, cell structure, and supporting various metabolic processes. They are the building blocks of fats (lipids) and are important for maintaining overall health in humans and animals.

Fermentation

Fermentation is a biological process in which microorganisms, such as bacteria, yeast, or fungi, break down sugars and other organic compounds without oxygen to produce energy. Depending on the type of fermentation, this process produces by-products like alcohol, gases (such as carbon dioxide), or acids. Fermentation is widely used in food production and occurs naturally in various environments.

Fipronil

Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that disrupts the nervous system of fleas and ticks, leading to their paralysis and death.

Flagyl

A brand name for metronidazole, an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication.

Flavonoids

Flavonoids are compounds naturally found in many fruits and vegetables.

Flaxseed Oil

An oil rich in omega-3 fatty acids, derived from flaxseeds.

Flumethrin

Flumethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid used in flea collars

Fluralaner

Fluralaner is the active ingredient in Bravecto®

Folate

Folate or vitamin B9 is critical for DNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and fetal development in pregnant dogs.

Folic acid

Also known as Vitamin B9 is found in leafy green vegetables, and the organ meat of liver and kidneys

Food dyes

Artificial color additives in dog food, often unnecessary and potentially allergenic.

Formaldehyde

Formaldehyde, is a chemical commonly used to kill germs and to preserve laboratory specimens and tissues.

Free feeding

Allowing a dog to eat whenever they choose, which can lead to overeating or weight issues.

Free radicals

Free radicals are unstable atoms that can damage cells, causing illness and aging.

Freeze-dried

Freeze-drying is a dehydration process in which water is removed from a substance by freezing it and then using a vacuum to turn the frozen water (ice) directly into vapor through sublimation. This method preserves the product's structure, nutrients, and flavor without involving high heat or chemical preservatives.

Fructo-oligosaccharides

Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) are derived from fruit and root vegetables fructose molecules

Fructose

Fructose is the sweetest monosaccharide and is often called fruit sugar.

Fungus

Microorganisms that can cause infections in a dog’s skin, ears, or internal organs

GABA

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GLM

Green Lipped Mussels are bivalve molluscs from New Zealand. They are a great supplement for joint pain and skin issues in dogs.

Galactooligosaccharides

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are derived from dairy, beans, and root vegetables.

Galactose

Galactose is known as milk sugar as it is found in the milk of all mammals.

Garlic

Garlic is a species in the onion genus Allium. Its close relatives include the onion, shallot, leek, chive, and Chinese onion. Garlic is native to Central Asia and northeastern Iran and has long been a common seasoning worldwide. It has a history of several thousand years of human consumption and use.

Gastric lipase

Gastric lipase is an enzyme produced in the stomach that plays a key role in the digestion of fats. It specifically breaks down triglycerides (a type of fat) into smaller molecules called free fatty acids and monoglycerides, making them easier to digest and absorb in the small intestine. While most fat digestion occurs in the small intestine, gastric lipase initiates the process in the stomach.

Gingivitis

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums, specifically the gingiva—the soft tissue surrounding the base of the teeth. It's a common oral health issue and often an early stage of periodontal disease.

Gluconeogenesis

Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic process in which the body produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, such as amino acids, lactate, and glycerol.

Glucosamine

Glucosamine is a naturally occurring compound found in the cartilage of joints.

Glucose

Glucose is one of the three simplest forms of carbohydrates.

Glucosinolates

A large group of plant metabolites with nutritional effects and biologically active compounds. Glucosinolates are mainly found in cruciferous plants, such as broccoli and cauliflower.

Gluten

Gluten is a group of proteins found in certain grains, primarily wheat, barley, and rye. It gives dough its elasticity, helping it rise and maintain its shape, and provides a chewy texture in baked goods. The two main proteins in gluten are gliadin and glutenin, with gliadin responsible for most of the adverse health effects in people with gluten-related disorders.

Glycogen

Glycogen is a long chain of glucose molecules stored in the liver and muscles.

Goat milk

Goat milk is the milk produced by goats, and it is often considered a nutritious alternative to cow’s milk for dogs.

Grain finished

Grain-finished cows are cattle raised primarily on grass or forage for most of their lives but fed a diet of grains (such as corn, soy, or barley) for the last few months before slaughter. This "finishing" phase on grain, typically in a feedlot, helps the cattle gain weight quickly, increases fat marbling in the meat, and results in more tender and flavorful beef.

Grain-Free

Grain-free dog food refers to recipes that do not contain grains such as wheat, corn, rice, oats, barley, or other cereal grains. Instead, grain-free dog foods use alternative carbohydrate sources like sweet potatoes, peas, lentils, or quinoa to provide energy and fiber.

Grain-fed

Grain-fed cows are cattle that are primarily raised on grains, such as corn, soy, barley, and wheat, during the final phase of their life, typically in a feedlot. This practice is used to fatten the cattle more quickly and efficiently before they are slaughtered for beef production. Grain-fed cows are distinct from grass-fed cows, which graze primarily on pasture throughout their lives.

Grass-fed

Grass-fed beef refers to beef that comes from cattle raised primarily on a diet of grass and other foraged plants throughout their entire lives. These cattle typically graze on pasture and are not fed grains like corn or soy at any stage of their development, which distinguishes grass-fed beef from grain-fed or grain-finished beef.

Grass-finished

Grass-finished beef refers to beef from cattle fed exclusively on grass and forage throughout their lives, including during the final fattening or "finishing" phase before slaughter. This means the cattle are not fed grains at any point, unlike grain-finished cattle that are switched to a grain-based diet in the last few months of their lives.

Green tripe

Green tripe is the nutrient-rich, unprocessed stomach lining of ruminant animals such as cows, sheep, or goats. For dogs, it is considered a highly nutritious and natural food source that is often included in raw feeding diets. Unlike "bleached" tripe (which is cleaned and processed for human consumption), green tripe retains its natural enzymes, probiotics, and nutrients.

Guarded prognosis

A medical term indicating uncertain outcomes in a dog’s health condition.

Gut Microbiome

The gut microbiome is a complex community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microbes, that reside in the gastrointestinal tract (GI) of your dog.

Gut-Brain Axis

The gut-brain axis in dogs is the connection between their gastrointestinal (GI) system and brain, enabling communication that influences digestion, mood, behavior, and overall health. Like in humans, this system is highly interconnected and involves neural, hormonal, and immune pathways that allow the brain and gut to work together.

HDL

High-density lipoprotein, the “good” cholesterol, important for fat metabolism in dogs

Halitosis

Chronic bad breath caused by oral or systemic issues.

Head collar

A head collar is a training tool designed to help owners control their dogs' movement, particularly during walks. Unlike traditional collars, it fits around the dog's head and muzzle, allowing gentle guidance without putting pressure on the dog's neck or throat. The head collar benefits dogs that pull on the leash or are challenging to control.

Heart disease

A range of conditions affecting a dog’s heart function, such as valve disorders or arrhythmias.

Hemangiosarcoma

A malignant cancer of blood vessel cells, often affecting a dog’s spleen or heart.

Hempseed Oil

An oil rich in omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, derived from hemp seeds.

Heterocyclic amines (HCA)

Compounds formed during high-temperature cooking of meat, linked to cancer risks.

High pressure pasteurization (HPP)

High-pressure pasteurization, or HPP, is a food preservation technique that uses high-pressure levels instead of heat to kill harmful bacteria, viruses, and pathogens in food. Compared to traditional heat-based pasteurization, this method allows food to be preserved while retaining more of its original nutrients, texture, and flavor.

High-quality protein

High-quality protein contains all the essential amino acids in the right proportions, is easily digestible, and is effectively utilized by the body. These proteins support vital functions such as muscle growth, tissue repair, and overall health. High-quality proteins are critical for maintaining health and supporting bodily processes for humans and animals.

Hip Dysplasia

A genetic condition where the hip joint develops abnormally, leading to arthritis.

Histamine

A chemical involved in immune responses and allergic reactions.

Homeopathy

Homeopathy is an alternative treatment approach that uses highly diluted natural substances to stimulate an animal's natural healing processes. It operates on the principle of "like cures like," meaning that a substance that causes signs in a healthy animal can, when highly diluted, treat those same signs in a sick animal.

Honey

Honey is a natural sweet substance produced by honeybees from flower nectar. The bees collect nectar, which is then broken down into sugars, stored in honeycombs, and transformed into honey through evaporation. Honey is widely consumed as a sweetener and used in both culinary and medicinal applications due to its antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties.

Hot (yang) proteins

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) teaches that a person's (or animal's) natural energy requires balance, which can be achieved through various factors, such as food. Each animal protein or plant-based ingredient has an energy that can interact with your pet's natural energy. For pets with cool energies (yin), feeding hot proteins (yang) helps rebalance their energy to promote health and happiness.

Human grade

Human grade refers to food that is legally suitable and safe for human consumption according to strict food safety and quality standards set by regulatory agencies, such as the USDA or FDA. When applied to pet food, "human grade" means that every ingredient and the manufacturing process meet the same standards required for human food.

Human-dog bond

The human-dog bond is a profound and enduring relationship built on mutual trust, care, and affection.

Humectant

Humectants are used to preserve the water content in semi-moist dog food and treats during processing. They bind to the water to make it unavailable for bacterial growth.

Humeral condylar fracture

A break in the humerus near the elbow, commonly seen in active or trauma-affected dogs.

Hydolyzed protein

Protein broken down into smaller components, often used in hypoallergenic diets for dogs.

Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia is an increase in the serum calcium level.

Hyperchloremia

Elevated chloride levels in the blood.

Hyperinsulinemia

Hyperinsulinemia in dogs is when the dog's body has elevated insulin levels in the bloodstream. This is usually caused by insulin resistance, where the dog's cells do not respond appropriately to insulin, or certain types of tumors (insulinomas) in the pancreas that produce excess insulin. Hyperinsulinemia can lead to a variety of health problems and may be a precursor to more severe conditions such as diabetes or hypoglycemia.

Hyperkalemia

Excess potassium in the blood.

Hyperlipidemia

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high levels of fat, and/or fatty substances in the blood.

Hypermagnesemia

Excess magnesium levels in the blood.

Hypernatremia

Elevated sodium levels in the blood.

Hyperphosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia is an increase in blood levels of phosphorus.

Hypertriglyceridemia

Excessive level of triglycerides in the blood.

Hypocalcemia

Hypocalcemia is a decrease in the serum calcium level.

Hypochloremia

Low chloride levels in the blood.

Hypokalemia

Low potassium levels in the blood.

Hypomagnesemia

Low magnesium levels in the blood.

Hyponatremia

Low sodium levels in the blood.

Hypophosphatemia

Hypophosphatemia is a decrease in blood levels of phosphorus that can occur due to intestinal malabsorption or kidney disease.

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland produces insufficient hormones.

Imidacloprid

Imidacloprid is an insecticide that acts on the nervous system of fleas, causing paralysis and death.

Infection

An infection in dogs occurs when harmful microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites invade the body, multiply, and disrupt normal biological functions.

Infectious disease

An infectious disease in dogs is an illness caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, that invade the dog's body.

Infertility

The inability of dogs to reproduce is most commonly caused by improper breed management or male infertility, but it can also result from poor nutrition or disease conditions.

Inflammation

Inflammation is the body's natural response to injury, infection, or harmful stimuli aimed at protecting and healing tissues. It is a complex biological process involving the immune system, where white blood cells and various molecular signals are activated to address the perceived threat or damage. Inflammation is essential for healing, but it can damage tissue and contribute to various diseases when it becomes chronic.

Inflammatory bowel disease

Chronic inflammation of the intestines in dogs, causing diarrhea and weight loss.

Ingredient splitting

Ingredient splitting in dog food refers to a deceptive labeling practice where manufacturers break down a single ingredient into multiple smaller components to make each appear lower on the ingredient list. This can give the false impression that higher-quality ingredients (such as meats or whole grains) are more prominent in the product than they actually are, while lesser-quality ingredients (like fillers or by-products) seem less significant.

Insoluble fiber

Insoluble fiber is a dietary fiber that does not dissolve in water and is not broken down or absorbed by the digestive system. Instead, it passes through the digestive tract relatively intact. Insoluble fiber adds bulk to the stool, which helps promote regular bowel movements and supports overall digestive health.

Insulin

A hormone that regulates blood sugar levels, critical in managing canine diabetes.

Insulin resistance

Insulin resistance is a condition in which a normal amount of insulin causes an inadequate decrease in blood glucose levels.

Integumentary system

A dog’s skin, fur, and nails, providing protection and sensory input.

Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ)

A cytokine that activates immune cells to fight infections and tumors.

Interleukin-12 (IL-12)

A cytokine that promotes immune system communication and pathogen defense.

Intermittent fasting

Intermittent fasting is an eating plan that switches between fasting and eating on a regular schedule.

Intolerance

Intolerance refers to a dog's digestive system's inability to properly process certain ingredients or nutrients, resulting in gastrointestinal distress or other adverse clinical signs.

Intravertibral disc disease

Intravertibral disc disease (IVD) is a spinal condition in dogs that can cause pain, weakness, or paralysis.

Isoxazolines

Isoxazolines are the most commonly used insecticides and acaricides in the form of oral chewable tablets for dogs to kill fleas and ticks and prevent flea and tick infestations.

Ivermectin

Ivermectin is the most commonly used avermectin derivative.

Jacobson's organ

An organ located in the roof of the animal's mouth. The Jacobson's organ can detect pheromones for mating or marking territory.

Jaundice

A condition where the skin or eyes turn yellow due to elevated bilirubin levels.

Joint

The area where two bones meet, allowing movement and flexibility in a dog’s body.

Joint pain

Discomfort in a dog’s joints, often caused by arthritis or injury.

Kefir

Kefir is a fermented milk drink made from cow, goat, or sheep milk cultured with kefir grains containing a symbiotic mixture of bacteria and yeast. It is rich in probiotics and has been used as a dietary supplement for humans and animals, including dogs. Kefir can benefit dogs when used appropriately due to its probiotic content, which supports gut health and overall well-being.

Kennel Cough

Kennel cough is a canine respiratory infection known as infectious tracheobronchitis.

Ketosis

Ketosis is a metabolic state in which the body burns fat for energy instead of carbohydrates, producing ketones, which serve as an alternative energy source.

Kibble

Kibble is a dry, processed dog or cat food that combines meat, grains, vegetables, and supplements into a dough. The dough is then shaped into small pieces and baked or extruded at high temperatures. Kibble is one of the most common forms of pet food due to its convenience, long shelf life, and affordability.

LDL

LDL, or low-density lipoprotein, is a type of lipoprotein that carries cholesterol in the bloodstream.

Lactase

Lactase is the digestive enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

Lactose

Lactose is a natural sugar found in milk and dairy products. It is a disaccharide composed of two simpler sugars: glucose and galactose.

Lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is the inability to fully digest lactose, the sugar found in milk and dairy products, due to a deficiency of lactase, the enzyme needed to break down lactose into simpler sugars for absorption in the small intestine.

Lamb ears

Lamb ears are natural, chewy treats made from the ears of lambs. They are commonly used as a healthy snack for dogs. Lamb ears are similar to other animal-based chews, such as pig or cow ears, and are a popular choice for pet owners seeking a more natural and digestible alternative to processed treats.

Lamb femur

A lamb femur is a long, weight-bearing bone from a lamb's leg that dogs often use as a natural chew. These bones are typically larger and harder than other types, providing a durable and engaging chew.

Lamb liver

Lamb liver is a nutrient-dense organ meat commonly used as a treat or as a component of a dog's regular diet. It is rich in essential vitamins and minerals, making it a highly beneficial addition to dogs' meals when fed in moderation.

Lamb lung

Lamb lungs are sheep's respiratory organs. They consist of spongy, air-filled tissue that facilitates gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to be expelled. Lamb lungs comprise a network of bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli that transport and exchange gases.

Lamb trachea

The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a passageway for air through the body into the lungs. It is surrounded by cartilage.

Lamb weasand

The lamb weasand is the esophagus or gullet of a lamb. It is the muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach and is responsible for moving food through rhythmic contractions.

Larch arabinogalactan

Larch arabinogalactan is a natural polysaccharide derived from the wood of the larch tree, particularly from species like Larix occidentalis (Western larch).

Laser lithotripsy

Laser lithotripsy is a minimally invasive procedure for treating bladder stones in dogs.

Lauric acid

Lauric acid is a Medium Chain Triglyceride found in coconut oil.

Lethargy

Feeling tired, sluggish, or lacking in energy or enthusiasm.

Linoleic acid

Linoleic acid is an essential omega-6 fatty acid crucial for dogs' health. Dogs cannot synthesize linoleic acid independently, so it must be obtained through their diet. It plays several essential roles in maintaining a dog's health.

Lipase

Lipase is an enzyme that plays a critical role in the digestion of dietary fats. It breaks down fats into smaller molecules, such as glycerol and free fatty acids, which the body can absorb and use for energy.

Lipoproteins

Lipoproteins are substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through your bloodstream.

Long Chain Fatty Acids

Fatty acids with long carbon chains, found in many animal and vegetable fats.

Lotilaner

Lotilaner is the active ingredient in Credelio®

Low-residue dog food

Diets designed to minimize stool volume, often used for dogs with digestive issues.

Lufenuron

Lufenuron controls flea infestations by preventing eggs from hatching and the flea shell from developing.

MCS

Muscle Condition Score

MCT

MCT, or Medium-Chain Triglyceride, is a type of fat metabolized differently from long-chain triglycerides (LCTs) in most dietary fats. MCT oil is typically derived from coconut oil.

Macrophages

Macrophages are a type of white blood cell.

Malignant

Malignant refers to a type of tumor or cancer in dogs that is aggressive, invasive and has the potential to spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body.

Malocclusion

Improper alignment of teeth when the jaw is closed.

Malondialdehyde

A byproduct of lipid (fat) metabolism

Maltose

Maltose consists of two glucose molecules.

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS)

Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) are derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Manuka honey

Manuka honey is a type of honey native to New Zealand. It’s produced by bees who pollinate the flower Leptospermum scoparium, commonly known as the manuka bush. Manuka honey’s antibacterial properties are what set it apart from traditional honey.

Martingale collar

A martingale collar is like a regular collar but has two loops. The first goes over the dog's head, and the second is attached to the leash. This way, when the dog pulls, you can correct it by applying pressure.

Mast cell tumor

A common skin cancer in dogs, often requiring surgical removal.

Meat meal

Meat meal is a rendered product made from animal tissues, typically from meat by-products such as bones, cartilage, and connective tissues, but without blood, hair, hooves, or stomach contents. It is processed by cooking (rendering) to remove most of the moisture and fat, resulting in a concentrated protein powder.

Medicinal mushrooms

Medical mushrooms are fungi known for their potential health benefits. They have been used for centuries in traditional medicine.

Melatonin

A naturally occurring neurohormone that is synthesized from tryptophan

Melena

Black, tarry stools caused by digested blood in the gastrointestinal tract.

Mental stimulation

Mental stimulation for dogs refers to activities and exercises that engage their brains, providing cognitive challenges that fulfill their natural instincts, curiosity, and problem-solving abilities. Mental stimulation is essential for a dog’s overall well-being, as it helps prevent boredom, reduces stress, and minimizes destructive behaviors resulting from under-stimulation.

Metabolic Acidosis

A condition where the blood becomes too acidic.

Metabolism

A complex process by which your dog’s body converts what his food into energy.

Methoprene

Methoprene is a slow-acting insecticide that interferes with the growth cycle of an insect to prevent it from maturing and reproducing.

Metronidazole

An antibiotic used to treat bacterial infections and protozoal diseases.

Microchip

A microchip for dogs is a small electronic device, about the size of a grain of rice, implanted under a dog's skin (usually between the shoulder blades). Each microchip contains a unique identification number that a microchip scanner can read. When scanned, this ID number links to the owner's contact information stored in a microchip registry database.

Mineral

Essential nutrients like calcium and potassium that support a dog’s bones, muscles, and overall health.

Mitochondria

Organelles in a dog’s cells that produce energy for bodily functions.

Mitral valve disease

Mitral valve disease (MVD) is a common heart condition in dogs, especially in older, small-breed dogs. It is characterized by the degeneration of the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart.

Monosaccharides

Monosaccharides, also called simple sugars, are the simplest form of carbohydrates.

Muscle loss

The reduction of muscle mass in dogs, often due to aging or illness.

Muscle mass

The total amount of muscle in a dog’s body, important for strength and mobility.

NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs used to reduce pain and inflammation.

Natural Killer Cells

A type of immune cell that destroys harmful pathogens and cancerous cells.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical messengers that carry signals from cell to cell

Neuter

Surgical removal of a male animal's testicles.

Neutral proteins

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), neutral proteins refer to proteins that have a neutral thermal property, meaning they neither warm nor cool the body's internal energy (Qi). This neutrality makes them versatile, as they can support a balanced diet without strongly affecting the body's Yin. Neutral proteins are considered harmonizing and are especially useful for individuals who require a gentle, stabilizing influence on their body's energy.

Niacin

Niacin, or vitamin B3, is a water-soluble B vitamin found naturally in some foods.

Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide (NO) is a colorless gas and a signaling molecule that plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in the body. It is a free radical composed of one nitrogen atom and one oxygen atom.

No pull harness

A no-pull harness for dogs is designed to discourage pulling behavior by giving the handler more control over the dog without causing discomfort or harm.

Non-Essential Amino Acids

Non-essential amino acids for dogs are amino acids that their bodies can synthesize on their own from other nutrients, so they do not need to be supplied directly through the diet. While essential amino acids must come from food sources because the dog cannot produce them, non-essential amino acids are naturally produced within a dog's body under normal, healthy conditions.

Norepinephrine

Norepinephrine is an essential neurotransmitter that causes an increase in heart rate and blood pumping from the heart and increases blood pressure when needed.

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are large biomolecules essential for life. They are the building blocks of genetic material and store, transmit, and express genetic information in all living organisms.

Nucleotides

Nucleotides are the basic structural units of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and play key roles in cellular energy transfer, signaling, and metabolism.

Obesity

Obesity in dogs is a condition characterized by excessive body fat, typically defined as weighing 15-20% or more above its ideal body weight.

Obligate carnivore

An obligate carnivore is an animal that primarily depends on a diet of meat to meet its nutritional needs because its body cannot efficiently digest or obtain essential nutrients from plant material.

Oligosaccharides

Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates composed of a small number (typically 3–10) of sugar molecules (monosaccharides) linked together.

Olive Oil

A healthy oil rich in monounsaturated fats, derived from olives.

Omega-3

Omega-3 fatty acids are a group of essential polyunsaturated fats that play a crucial role in maintaining health across many bodily systems. Since the body cannot produce these fats independently, they must be obtained from food or supplements.

Omega-6 fatty acid

A type of fat that supports skin and coat health in dogs but must be balanced with omega-3s.

Organic

Organic foods are produced through agricultural methods that meet specific standards that promote environmental health, biodiversity, and animal welfare. Organic farming practices avoid or strictly limit synthetic pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), antibiotics, and growth hormones. Instead, organic farming emphasizes natural processes, such as crop rotation, composting, biological pest control, and using natural fertilizers to enrich the soil.

Organophosphates

Organophosphates are a class of chemical compounds widely used as insecticides, herbicides, and nerve agents. They are phosphoric acid derivatives and are known for their potency in disrupting nervous system function in pests and, unfortunately, in humans and animals when exposed to toxic levels.

Osteochondrosis

Osteochondrosis (OC) is a developmental joint disorder in dogs where the cartilage in a growing dog's joints fails to properly develop into bone, leading to abnormal cartilage thickening, cracking, or separation. This condition primarily affects young, large-breed dogs.

Ovary Sparing Spay (OSS)

A surgical procedure where the uterus is removed, but one or both ovaries are retained.

Oxidation

Oxidation is a chemical process in which a substance loses electrons. It often involves the interaction with oxygen or other oxidizing agents. It is a fundamental reaction in both chemical and biological systems.

Oxidized fats

Fats that have degraded due to exposure to oxygen, potentially harmful if consumed by dogs.

Palatable

Palatable refers to something pleasant or acceptable to taste, making it enjoyable or easy to eat. In the context of food, especially pet food, palatable means that the food is appealing and flavorful, encouraging the dog (or other animal) to eat it readily.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA)

A naturally occurring compound with anti-inflammatory properties.

Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas due to premature activation of digestive enzymes released by the pancreas, causing severe pain and inflammation.

Pantothenic acid

Pantothenic acid is vitamin B5

Paraffin

Paraffin is a waxy, colorless substance derived from petroleum, coal, or oil shale. It is commonly used in candles, lubricants, and cosmetics.

Paralysis

Paralysis is the loss of the ability to move some or all of the body.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is a hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands, which are small glands located behind the thyroid gland in the neck.

Pasture-raised

Pasture-raised refers to livestock, such as chickens, cows, and pigs, raised outdoors on pasture land, where they can graze and forage for a significant portion of their diet. This method prioritizes animal welfare, allowing animals to roam freely and express natural behaviors, such as pecking, rooting, or grazing, rather than being confined to indoor or restricted environments.

Pathogen

A pathogen is any microorganism—such as a virus, bacteria, fungus, or parasite—that can cause disease in dogs.

Pepsin

Pepsin is a digestive enzyme produced in the stomach that plays a crucial role in breaking down proteins into smaller peptides, aiding in protein digestion.

Percutaneous Cystolithotomy (PCCL)

A surgical procedure used for the removal of bladder stones in dogs.

Periodontal disease

Periodontal disease in dogs refers to an inflammatory condition affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth. Periodontal disease is one of the most common dental issues in dogs and can range from mild gum inflammation to severe damage to the gums, teeth, and underlying bone structures.

Permethrin

Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide that repels and kills fleas and ticks on contact.

Peroxidation

Peroxidation refers to a chemical reaction in which free radicals attack lipids (fats) in cell membranes, forming lipid peroxides. This process is a key component of oxidative stress and can cause significant cellular damage.

Phenylalanine

An essential amino acid used in the production of neurotransmitters.

Phytates

Phytate or phytic acid is how phosphorus is stored in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds.

Phytoestrogen

Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring plant-derived compounds that mimic or modulate the activity of estrogen, the primary female sex hormone, in the body. They have a similar chemical structure to estrogen, allowing them to bind to estrogen receptors and exert either weak estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects.

Phytonutrient

Phytonutrient literally means plant nutrient. They are compounds produced by plants that provide health benefits to the body.

Phytoplankton

Phytoplankton are microscopic, photosynthetic organisms that live in aquatic environments, primarily oceans, seas, and freshwater bodies. They are a type of plankton and serve as the foundational producers in aquatic food webs.

Pig ear

The ear is the hearing organ of the animal. It also provides balance. Pig ears are the external ear parts of pigs, composed primarily of cartilage, skin, and connective tissue.

Pig foot

Pig feet, also known as pig trotters, are the feet of pigs and are sometimes given to dogs as a natural chew treat.

Pig skin

The skin is a layer of tissue that protects the underlying organs, bones, and muscles from outside elements. Unlike many other mammals, pig skin is not covered with as much hair or fur.

Plaque

Plaque is a sticky, colorless film composed of bacteria, saliva, and food particles that forms on the teeth.

Poison

Any substance toxic to dogs, such as certain plants, chemicals, or human foods.

Pollock

Pollock is a whitefish that is included in many cuisines worldwide. It usually lives in the northern oceans and is divided into two species: Alaskan pollock and walleye pollock. Pollock is an alternative to cod, salmon, and haddock.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Compounds formed during high-heat cooking, potentially carcinogenic to dogs.

Polyphenols

Polyphenols are a group of naturally occurring compounds found in plants. They are known for their antioxidant properties and potential health benefits. Polyphenols protect plants from environmental stress and contribute to the color, flavor, and bitterness of fruits, vegetables, and beverages like tea and wine.

Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates composed of long chains of monosaccharide units (simple sugars) linked together by glycosidic bonds. They serve various functions in living organisms, including energy storage and structural support.

Pork heart

The heart is a muscular organ found in all vertebrates. It is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body via the circulatory system. Its primary function is maintaining a continuous flow of oxygen, nutrients, and other essential substances to tissues and organs while removing carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste products.

Pork kidney

The kidney is a vital organ found in vertebrates, responsible for filtering waste products and excess substances from the blood to form urine, which is then excreted from the body. Each kidney contains millions of tiny filtering units called nephrons that regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, remove toxins, and help maintain blood pressure by adjusting levels of water, salts, and minerals in the body. The kidneys also play a crucial role in producing hormones that regulate blood pressure, red blood cell production, and calcium metabolism. Healthy kidney function is essential for maintaining overall fluid balance, chemical stability, and homeostasis within the body.

Pork liver

Pork liver is the liver of a pig, a nutrient-rich organ meat often used in culinary dishes and traditional recipes across various cultures.

Pork loin

the loin is located near the shoulder and the back legs of the pig, it is very tender and lean so it makes a great protein to feed as muscle meat or as snacks!

Powdered cellulose

Powdered cellulose is a fine, odorless, tasteless powder made from purified plant fiber, typically derived from wood pulp or cotton. It is composed primarily of cellulose, the structural component of plant cell walls.

Prescription pet food

Prescription pet food, also known as veterinary therapeutic diets, refers to specially formulated pet food designed to manage or treat specific medical conditions in animals. These diets are typically developed based on scientific research and clinical trials to address health issues such as kidney disease, diabetes, food allergies, gastrointestinal disorders, or obesity.

Preservatives

Substances are added to dog food to extend shelf life and prevent spoilage. Natural options, like vitamin E, are safer than artificial alternatives.

Prey Model Raw (PMR)

The prey model raw (PMR) diet for dogs is a raw feeding approach that seeks to replicate the natural diet of wild carnivores by providing whole prey animals or their components. It focuses on feeding dogs raw meat, organs, and bones in proportions that mimic the prey they would consume in the wild, typically without including plant-based ingredients.

Probiotics

Probiotics for dogs are beneficial live microorganisms, typically bacteria or yeasts, that support a healthy gut flora balance in a dog's digestive system. These probiotics are similar to the "good bacteria" naturally found in the intestines, which play a vital role in digestion, immune function, and overall health.