Osteoarthritis is a chronic condition that affects your dog’s joints, causing pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. While there is no cure for osteoarthritis, its progression can be managed with various treatments, such as pain relief medications, dietary management, anti-inflammatory supplements, weight management, and physical therapy. The goal of managing osteoarthritis is to reduce pain, improve mobility, and enhance the dog’s overall quality of life.&nbsp;

One of dogs' most frequent joint problems is osteoarthritis, a degenerative joint disease that causes the cartilage to break down, leading to inflammation, pain, and stiffness. Osteoarthritis often affects older dogs but can also occur in younger dogs with a predisposition or due to injury.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common joint issues in dogs, characterized by the progressive deterioration of cartilage in the joints, leading to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility. It is especially prevalent in older dogs, larger breeds, and those with a history of joint injuries or congenital joint issues like hip dysplasia. OA is a degenerative disease that gradually worsens over time as the cartilage that cushions the joints breaks down, causing bones to rub against each other, leading to pain, inflammation, and decreased function. Dogs with OA may exhibit signs like limping, reluctance to exercise, stiffness after rest, or difficulty getting up and lying down.

Hip dysplasia is a common genetic condition affecting dogs, especially larger breeds like German Shepherds, Labradors, and Golden Retrievers. In hip dysplasia, the hip joint does not form properly, leading to instability and eventual degeneration over time. This causes pain and discomfort, often resulting in decreased mobility and the development of arthritis as the dog ages. Similarly, elbow dysplasia is another hereditary condition commonly seen in large-breed dogs, where the elbow joint develops abnormally. This leads to early-onset arthritis, lameness, and joint pain, impacting a dog's ability to move comfortably.

Smaller breeds are not exempt from joint problems. Luxating patella, or kneecap dislocation, is commonly seen in small-breed dogs like Chihuahuas and Pomeranians. The kneecap slips out of place in this condition, causing pain and intermittent limping. Surgery may be required in severe cases to correct the dislocation and restore stability. Another prevalent joint issue in dogs is cruciate ligament injuries, particularly involving the cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL). The CrCL plays a critical role in stabilizing the knee joint, and when it ruptures, it results in sudden pain, swelling, and joint instability. While trauma can cause these injuries, they often result from the progressive degeneration of the ligament due to factors like genetics, obesity, or specific conformational issues in dogs, such as a steep tibial plateau angle. Cruciate ligament injuries are especially common in active or large-breed dogs.

Regardless of the treatment approach, early intervention and a tailored treatment plan are crucial in improving outcomes for dogs with cruciate ligament injuries. Working closely with a veterinarian to determine the best course of action can help improve the dog's mobility, comfort, and overall quality of life.

Genetics, developmental abnormalities, joint injuries, obesity, and aging can cause osteoarthritis in dogs. Certain breeds may be predisposed to developing osteoarthritis due to their anatomy or genetics.

Osteoarthritis is more common in older dogs, as wear and tear on joints over time can lead to cartilage degeneration and inflammation. However, certain breeds may be predisposed to developing osteoarthritis due to genetic factors. Breeds with a higher risk include large and giant breeds, such as Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds.

Breeds at risk for osteoarthritis may have congenital or developmental joint abnormalities, such as hip or elbow dysplasia, predisposing dogs to osteoarthritis later in life. All dogs can develop osteoarthritis due to previous joint injuries, fractures, or trauma. The instability and damage within the joint increase the risk of osteoarthritis development. Activities that involve repetitive stress on the joints, such as agility training or working dogs, can contribute to joint degeneration and osteoarthritis over time.

Controlling your dog’s weight is imperative in preventing osteoarthritis. Excess body weight increases joint strain, leading to accelerated wear and tear and a higher risk of osteoarthritis development. Maintaining a healthy weight is essential for joint health in dogs.

Inflammatory joint diseases, such as immune-mediated arthritis and infectious arthritis, are significant contributors to joint inflammation and subsequent damage in dogs. These chronic inflammatory conditions often lead to the breakdown of joint cartilage, which can accelerate the onset of osteoarthritis.&nbsp;

In immune-mediated arthritis, the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the joint tissues, causing persistent inflammation that gradually wears down the cartilage. Infectious arthritis, on the other hand, arises when a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection invades the joint space, leading to acute inflammation that, if left untreated, can cause long-term joint damage. Both of these inflammatory conditions are critical factors in the development of osteoarthritis, as they weaken the integrity of the joint and make it more susceptible to degeneration.

Metabolic disorders also play a role in joint health and the risk of osteoarthritis in dogs. Conditions such as hypothyroidism, where the thyroid gland underperforms, can lead to a slower metabolism and weight gain, both of which place additional stress on the joints. Hyperparathyroidism, another metabolic disorder, affects calcium balance in the body, potentially leading to weakened bones and cartilage. If not managed, both disorders can create an environment where the joints become more vulnerable to inflammation, deterioration, and the eventual onset of osteoarthritis.

Nutritional factors are equally important in maintaining joint health. A poor diet or nutritional imbalances can accelerate joint inflammation and cartilage breakdown in dogs. Deficiencies in essential nutrients like omega-3 fatty acids, glucosamine, and chondroitin may hinder the body’s ability to repair and maintain joint tissues, leaving the cartilage vulnerable to wear and tear. Additionally, diets high in inflammatory ingredients, such as excessive processed fats or grains, can contribute to chronic inflammation in the body, affecting overall health and the joints. Ensuring a balanced diet that supports joint health can play a preventive role in managing the risk of osteoarthritis.

Environmental factors, while not direct causes of osteoarthritis, can exacerbate the signs of dogs suffering from joint conditions. Cold and damp conditions, in particular, can make joints stiffer and more painful for dogs already dealing with osteoarthritis. These environmental stressors may not initiate the disease, but they can undoubtedly worsen its impact, making it essential for dog owners to manage their pet's exposure to such conditions. Warm, dry environments, combined with appropriate physical therapy and joint-friendly diets, can help mitigate the effects of osteoarthritis, especially in colder climates.

Certain dog breeds are more predisposed to developing osteoarthritis due to their size, genetics, and body structure. Larger breeds, in particular, tend to be more susceptible because their joints experience more stress over time. Breeds like Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and German Shepherds are commonly affected due to their size and genetic predisposition to conditions like hip and elbow dysplasia, which can contribute to early joint degeneration.

Other breeds prone to osteoarthritis include Rottweilers, Newfoundlands, and Bernese Mountain Dogs, as their large frames and weight can put additional pressure on their joints, leading to cartilage wear and tear. Smaller breeds are not immune, with Dachshunds and Cocker Spaniels also showing a higher likelihood of joint problems, particularly related to conditions like patellar luxation or intervertebral disc disease, which can contribute to joint deterioration over time.

If your dog belongs to one of these breeds, it's essential to monitor for early signs of joint pain or stiffness and consult with a veterinarian to create a plan for maintaining joint health as they age. Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and weight management can help reduce the risk or delay the onset of osteoarthritis in predisposed breeds.

Clinical Signs of Osteoarthritis in Dogs&nbsp;

Joint pain and osteoarthritis in dogs often present with a range of clinical signs that may develop gradually as the condition progresses. One of the most common signs is limping or favoring one leg, which can become more noticeable after periods of rest or strenuous activity. Dogs with joint pain may also show stiffness, particularly when getting up after lying down or during cold weather. You might notice that your dog is reluctant to jump, climb stairs, or engage in activities they once enjoyed, as these movements can be painful. Reduced mobility and decreased overall activity levels are common as the dog tries to avoid movements that exacerbate discomfort.

In some cases, dogs may tire more easily during walks or playtime and become less enthusiastic about exercise. Joint pain can also lead to behavioral changes, such as irritability or sensitivity when touched, especially around the affected joints. Additionally, some dogs may lick, chew, or bite at the painful area as a way to self-soothe. Over time, you may observe muscle wasting or decreased muscle mass around the affected joints as the dog uses the limb less frequently.&nbsp;

Diagnosing joint pain in dogs typically involves a combination of a physical examination, observation of clinical signs, and diagnostic tools used by your veterinarian. During the exam, the veterinarian will assess your dog’s range of motion, check for signs of pain or discomfort when manipulating the joints, and observe how your dog walks and moves. They will also ask about your dog’s behavior at home, such as reluctance to engage in activities and stiffness after resting or limping, to better understand the extent and nature of the joint pain.

The veterinarian may recommend imaging tests like X-rays to confirm a diagnosis or identify the underlying cause of the joint pain. X-rays can reveal signs of joint degeneration, such as osteoarthritis, or detect specific issues like hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, or a cruciate ligament tear. In some cases, more advanced imaging techniques, such as an MRI or CT scan, may be necessary to get a detailed view of the joints and surrounding structures. Blood tests might also be performed to rule out infections or immune-mediated conditions that can contribute to joint pain. Diagnosing joint pain early allows for better treatment options and helps prevent further joint damage, so it’s important to address any signs promptly by consulting your veterinarian.

Treatment plans for joint disorders in dogs typically involve a combination of medical treatments, lifestyle adjustments, and sometimes surgical intervention, depending on the severity of the condition. For mild to moderate joint pain, veterinarians often recommend non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce inflammation and relieve pain. In addition, joint supplements like glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega-3 fatty acids are commonly prescribed to support cartilage health and slow the progression of degenerative conditions like osteoarthritis. Weight management is a crucial aspect of treatment, as maintaining a healthy weight reduces stress on the joints and can significantly improve mobility.

In more severe cases, or when medications are insufficient, physical therapies such as hydrotherapy, laser therapy, or acupuncture can be beneficial in reducing pain and improving joint function. These therapies are often combined with a tailored exercise program that helps maintain muscle mass without putting undue strain on the joints. For dogs with advanced joint conditions, such as severe hip dysplasia or cruciate ligament injuries, surgery may be necessary to restore function and relieve pain. Common surgical options include procedures like Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO) or total hip replacement, which can dramatically improve a dog’s quality of life.

The success of any treatment plan relies on regular veterinary check-ups to monitor the dog’s progress and adjust the plan as needed. Working closely with your veterinarian to develop a comprehensive and personalized treatment plan that addresses your dog’s specific needs and helps manage its joint disorder effectively is essential.

Feeding a species-appropriate diet with the correct macronutrient levels is the first step in the dietary management of joint pain for dogs. An ancestral diet for dogs consists of approximately 49% protein, 45% fats, and 6% carbohydrates. However, standard kibble contains 30-70% starchy carbohydrates. The Real Ancestral 6X Diet includes 12% raw meaty bones, 63% muscle meat, 5% liver, 5% other secreting organs, 10% seafood, and 5% fur or fiber, which meets the protein, fats, and carbohydrate requirements of an ancestral diet.

Several whole foods can benefit dogs with joint pain by providing essential nutrients that support joint health, reduce inflammation, and promote overall well-being. Fatty fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, which have strong anti-inflammatory properties that help alleviate joint inflammation and pain in dogs with arthritis or other joint issues. Homemade bone broth is another excellent option, as it contains collagen, glucosamine, chondroitin, and amino acids that are crucial for maintaining healthy cartilage and joints while also improving hydration and nutrient absorption.

<a href="https://www.feedreal.com/articles/the-benefits-of-pumpkin-for-dogs">Pumpkin</a>, packed with antioxidants like beta-carotene and fiber, can support digestive health and reduce inflammation, making it a helpful addition to a joint-friendly diet. Blueberries are another great option, as their high levels of antioxidants and vitamin C help fight inflammation and reduce oxidative stress, promoting joint health and easing discomfort. Sweet potatoes, rich in beta-carotene, vitamin C, and manganese, also support joint health by reducing inflammation. Leafy greens like spinach and kale are loaded with antioxidants, vitamin K, and other nutrients that protect against inflammation and support bone and joint health.

<a href="https://www.feedreal.com/articles/coconut-oil-for-dogs-from-skin-health-to-cognitive-function">Coconut oil</a>, with its natural anti-inflammatory properties and rich content of medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), can help reduce joint pain and boost energy levels in dogs. Including these whole foods in your dog’s diet and a balanced feeding plan can significantly improve joint health and reduce pain. As always, consult with a veterinarian before making any major changes to your dog's diet, especially if your pet has pre-existing health conditions or dietary restrictions.

For dogs with joint pain, certain foods can worsen inflammation, contribute to weight gain, or negatively affect joint health, so they should be avoided. High-carbohydrate foods, especially those with refined grains like white rice, corn, or wheat, can lead to weight gain, which puts additional strain on joints. Some dogs may also have sensitivities to grains, increasing inflammation. Processed foods and treats containing artificial additives, preservatives, and fillers can further aggravate inflammation and offer little nutritional value, often contributing to obesity.&nbsp;

Some holistic veterinarians recommend avoiding nightshade vegetables, such as tomatoes, potatoes, eggplants, and peppers, as they are thought to potentially exacerbate inflammation in certain dogs, although this is more anecdotal. Additionally, excess salt can cause dehydration, potentially worsening joint stiffness, particularly in older dogs.

The management of osteoarthritis in dogs primarily focuses on controlling pain and inflammation, as there is no cure for the disease. Traditional treatments often include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to reduce pain and inflammation, though long-term use of these drugs can sometimes lead to side effects, including gastrointestinal or kidney problems. In recent years, the use of nutraceuticals, such as PEA, omega-3 fatty acids, collagen, cartilage, glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate, green-lipped mussels, and CBD oil has gained popularity for their potential to support joint health and alleviate clinical signs. Studies have shown that these supplements may help improve joint function and reduce inflammation, although results can vary between individual dogs.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) has shown significant promise in managing joint pain in dogs due to its potent anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. PEA is a naturally occurring fatty acid amide that modulates the body’s inflammatory response and reduces the activity of pro-inflammatory cells, such as mast cells and glial cells, which are involved in the inflammatory processes leading to joint pain. Studies have demonstrated that PEA helps alleviate pain and improve the quality of life in individuals suffering from various types of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. This suggests that dogs with chronic joint issues such as osteoarthritis could benefit from PEA supplementation.

Additionally, PEA's ability to reduce pain perception by acting on both central and peripheral pain pathways makes it a valuable option for dogs, especially as it offers a natural alternative to NSAIDs, which can have long-term side effects. The fact that PEA is well-tolerated with few reported adverse effects adds to its appeal as a safe adjunct or alternative to conventional pain medications. Incorporating PEA into a dog’s pain management plan may improve mobility and reduce discomfort, helping dogs with joint pain regain a better quality of life.

<a href="https://www.feedreal.com/articles/balancing-omega3-and-omega6">Omega-3 fatty acids</a>, commonly found in small fatty fish like sardines, mackerel, and anchovies, provide numerous benefits for dogs with joint pain, particularly those suffering from osteoarthritis. These fatty acids, specifically EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), have powerful anti-inflammatory properties that help reduce joint inflammation, a key contributor to pain and stiffness in arthritic dogs. By lowering inflammation, omega-3s can alleviate pain, improve joint mobility, and enhance the overall quality of life for dogs with joint issues.

Research has shown that dogs supplemented with omega-3s often experience improved mobility, making it easier for them to walk, climb stairs, and engage in daily activities that might otherwise be painful. In addition to their anti-inflammatory effects, omega-3s also support the maintenance of healthy cartilage, which is crucial for joint function. The natural benefits of omega-3 fatty acids make them a safe and effective supplement to include in a dog's diet, often as an adjunct to other therapies such as medications or physical therapy. However, it is essential to consult with a veterinarian to determine the appropriate dosage for your dog’s specific condition.

Incorporating omega-3s into a dog's diet targets joint health and promotes better coat condition, heart health, cognitive function, immune health, and overall wellness.

Collagen is a critical protein in maintaining the structure of dogs' joints, cartilage, and connective tissues. For dogs with joint pain, particularly those suffering from conditions like osteoarthritis, collagen supplementation can be highly beneficial. Collagen helps repair and strengthen the cartilage that cushions the joints, reducing the wear and tear contributing to pain and inflammation. Collagen can improve joint flexibility and mobility by supporting cartilage regeneration, making it easier for dogs to move without discomfort.

In addition to its role in cartilage health, collagen contributes to the overall integrity of tendons and ligaments, which are critical for joint stability. By strengthening these connective tissues, collagen may help reduce the risk of further joint injuries, especially in active or aging dogs. Studies have shown that dogs given collagen supplements often experience reduced joint pain and improved mobility, making it a valuable addition to their joint care regimen.

Collagen is generally well-tolerated and can be found in various forms, including powders and chews, which are easy to incorporate into a dog’s diet. For dogs with chronic joint issues, collagen supplementation can provide a natural way to support joint health and alleviate pain over time, enhancing their overall quality of life.&nbsp;

Cartilage is vital in maintaining healthy joints in dogs, acting as a cushion between bones to prevent friction and wear during movement. Cartilage breakdown significantly contributes to discomfort and reduced mobility for dogs with joint pain, particularly those with osteoarthritis. Supplementing with cartilage or cartilage-supporting nutrients, such as glucosamine and chondroitin, can help rebuild and protect the existing cartilage in a dog’s joints. By promoting cartilage repair, these supplements can improve joint function, reduce inflammation, and alleviate pain, allowing dogs to move more comfortably.

Cartilage supplements may also slow the progression of degenerative joint conditions by helping to maintain the integrity of the joint structure, which is especially important for older dogs or breeds prone to joint issues. This can lead to improved mobility, reduced stiffness, and a better quality of life for dogs struggling with joint pain. Cartilage-based supplements, commonly available in powders, chews, or tablets, are often recommended by veterinarians as a natural way to support joint health, either alone or in combination with other therapies.

Glucosamine is a popular supplement for dogs with joint pain, particularly those suffering from osteoarthritis or other degenerative joint conditions. It is a natural compound found in healthy cartilage that helps maintain joint function by supporting the repair of damaged cartilage and promoting its formation. For dogs with joint pain, glucosamine supplements can help reduce inflammation, ease stiffness, and improve mobility, making everyday activities like walking or climbing stairs less painful.

By helping to rebuild and protect cartilage, glucosamine can slow the progression of joint deterioration and provide long-term support for joint health. Many dog owners notice improvements in their dog’s ability to move and engage in everyday activities after starting glucosamine supplementation. It is often used with other joint-supporting supplements, like chondroitin or omega-3 fatty acids, for a more comprehensive approach to managing joint pain.

Chondroitin is a vital supplement for dogs with joint pain, especially those with osteoarthritis. It works by helping to maintain the structural integrity of cartilage, which cushions the joints and reduces friction during movement. Chondroitin helps slow the breakdown of cartilage and supports its repair, making it a key component in managing joint health. For dogs experiencing joint pain, supplementing with chondroitin can reduce inflammation, improve mobility, and alleviate discomfort by promoting healthier cartilage.

Chondroitin also has water-retaining properties, which help to keep joints lubricated and flexible, reducing stiffness and making it easier for dogs to move. When combined with glucosamine, another popular joint supplement, chondroitin, can provide even more comprehensive support for joint health, helping to protect the joints from further damage and providing long-term relief from pain. Many dog owners notice improvements in their dog's activity levels and quality of life after starting chondroitin supplementation.

Green-lipped mussels are a natural supplement known for their potent anti-inflammatory and joint-supporting benefits, making them especially helpful for dogs with joint pain. These mussels are rich in omega-3 fatty acids, glucosamine, chondroitin, and other nutrients that promote joint health and reduce inflammation. For dogs suffering from osteoarthritis, green-lipped mussels can help decrease joint stiffness, alleviate pain, and improve mobility by supporting cartilage repair and reducing the inflammation contributing to joint discomfort.

In addition to their joint benefits, green-lipped mussels contain natural compounds that help lubricate joints, making movement smoother and less painful for dogs. Many dog owners notice improvements in their dog’s activity levels and overall quality of life after incorporating green-lipped mussels into their diet, either through supplements or joint-care formulas. Because they are a natural source of joint-supporting nutrients, green-lipped mussels are often recommended as a safe, long-term option for managing joint pain and promoting better mobility in dogs.

CBD (cannabidiol) has gained popularity as a natural supplement for dogs with joint pain, offering several potential benefits. Derived from the hemp plant, CBD has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce inflammation in dogs suffering from conditions like arthritis, which is a common cause of joint pain. By reducing inflammation, CBD can alleviate discomfort, improve mobility, and enhance the overall quality of life for dogs with chronic joint issues.

In addition to its anti-inflammatory effects, CBD has been shown to have pain-relieving properties by interacting with the endocannabinoid system, which helps regulate pain responses in the body. This makes it a useful option for managing joint pain, allowing dogs to move more comfortably and engage in everyday activities with less pain. Unlike some pain medications, CBD is generally well-tolerated and does not have significant side effects, making it a safe option for long-term use.

<a href="https://www.feedreal.com/articles/why-you-should-feed-turmeric-to-a-dog-with-cancer">Turmeric</a> is often used as a natural supplement to help manage joint pain in dogs, particularly for conditions like arthritis. The active compound in turmeric, curcumin, has potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It effectively reduces inflammation, which contributes to joint pain and stiffness. By lowering inflammation, turmeric can help dogs with arthritis or other joint issues move more comfortably and experience less pain.

In addition to its anti-inflammatory benefits, turmeric's antioxidants help protect cells from damage caused by oxidative stress, which can further support joint health over time. Some studies suggest that curcumin may be as effective as some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) but without the potential side effects like gastrointestinal issues that can occur with long-term NSAID use.

Many dog owners find that adding turmeric or turmeric-based supplements to their dog's diet can improve mobility and overall quality of life. Turmeric can be added to food in small amounts, but because the body does not easily absorb curcumin, it is often combined with black pepper or fats to improve its effectiveness.&nbsp;

Osteoarthritis is a common yet challenging condition affecting many dogs, especially as they age. This degenerative joint disease leads to pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility, significantly impacting a dog's quality of life. Although there is no cure for osteoarthritis, numerous treatment options can help manage the signs and slow the progression of the disease. With the right combination of medical treatments, dietary adjustments, supplements, and therapies, dog owners can take proactive steps to reduce their pet's discomfort and improve their overall mobility. Early intervention and consistent care are key in managing osteoarthritis, allowing dogs to lead happier, more comfortable lives despite joint challenges.

<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9790257/">Advances in the pharmaceutical treatment options for canine osteoarthritis - PMC</a>&nbsp;

<a href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0263971">Efficacy of a dietary supplement in dogs with osteoarthritis: A randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial | PLOS ONE</a>&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/18/10384">A 2022 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Enriched Therapeutic Diets and Nutraceuticals in Canine and Feline Osteoarthritis</a>

<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5356289">Glucosamine and chondroitin use in canines for osteoarthritis: A review - PMC</a>&nbsp;&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Effect-of-a-Dispersible-Palmitoylethanolamide-a-Briskey-Roche/afe088ee022a16e7b9d75fc3577e78dc14e51f4b">[PDF] The Effect of a Dispersible Palmitoylethanolamide (Levagen+) Compared to a Placebo for Reducing Joint Pain in an Adult Population – A Randomised, Double-Blind Study | Semantic Scholar</a>&nbsp;

<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19750285/">A review of osteoarthritis and obesity: current understanding of the relationship and benefit of obesity treatment and prevention in the dog</a>&nbsp;

<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8169969/">Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Canine Osteoarthritis Research: “Experientia Docet” (Experience Will Teach Us) - PMC</a>&nbsp;

<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31921614/">Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Canines: Patient Selection and Reported Outcomes</a>&nbsp;

Managing Joint Pain in Dogs with Fresh Food and Natural Supplements

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